scholarly journals Bacteriophage Cocktail for the Prevention of Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant and Mono-Phage-Resistant Vibrio coralliilyticus Infection in Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Larvae

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Hyoun Joong Kim ◽  
Jin Woo Jun ◽  
Sib Sankar Giri ◽  
Sang Guen Kim ◽  
Sang Wha Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

Vibrio coralliilyticus (V. coralliilyticus) is a pathogen that causes mass mortality in marine bivalve hatcheries worldwide. In this study, we used a bacteriophage (phage) cocktail to prevent multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) and phage-resistant (PR) V. coralliilyticus infection in Pacific oyster (Crassostreagigas) larvae. To prevent the occurrence of phage-resistant strains and decrease the effect of mono-phage treatment, we prepared a phage cocktail containing three types of V. coralliilyticus-specific phages and tested its prophylactic efficacy against MAR and PR V. coralliilyticus infection. The results of the cell lysis test showed that the phage cocktail showed an excellent bactericidal effect against the MAR and PR variants in contrast to the experimental group treated with two mono phages (pVco-5 and pVco-7). An in vivo test using Pacific oyster larvae also confirmed the preventive effect against MAR and PR variants. In conclusion, the application of the phage cocktail effectively prevented V. coralliilyticus infection in marine bivalve seedling production. Furthermore, it is expected to reduce damage to the aquaculture industry caused by the occurrence of MAR and PR V. coralliilyticus. Therefore, phage cocktails may be used for the control of various bacterial diseases.

scholarly journals Antimycobacterial Potential of Mycobacteriophage Under Disease-Mimicking Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeswanth Chakravarthy Kalapala ◽  
Pallavi Raj Sharma ◽  
Rachit Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Antibiotic resistance continues to be a major global health risk with an increase in multi-drug resistant infections seen across nearly all bacterial diseases. Mycobacterial infections such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Non-Tuberculosis infections have seen a significant increase in the incidence of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant infections. With this increase in drug-resistant Mycobacteria, mycobacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative. However, a comprehensive study on the infection dynamics of mycobacteriophage against their host bacteria and the evolution of bacteriophage (phage) resistance in the bacteria remains elusive. We aim to study the infection dynamics of a phage cocktail against Mycobacteria under various pathophysiological conditions such as low pH, low growth rate and hypoxia. We show that mycobacteriophages are effective against M. smegmatis under various conditions and the phage cocktail prevents emergence of resistance for long durations. Although the phages are able to amplify after infection, the initial multiplicity of infection plays an important role in reducing the bacterial growth and prolonging efficacy. Mycobacteriophages are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium and show synergy with antibiotics such as rifampicin and isoniazid. Finally, we also show that mycobacteriophages are efficient against M. tuberculosis both under lag and log phase for several weeks. These findings have important implications for developing phage therapy for Mycobacterium.

scholarly journals Antimycobacterial potential of Mycobacteriophage under disease-mimicking conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeswanth Chakravarthy Kalapala ◽  
Pallavi Raj Sharma ◽  
Rachit Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractAntibiotic resistance continues to be a major global health risk with an increase in multi-drug resistant infections seen across nearly all bacterial diseases. Mycobacterial infections such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Non-Tuberculosis infections have seen a significant increase in the incidence of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant infections. With this increase in drug-resistant Mycobacteria, mycobacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative. However, a comprehensive study on the infection dynamics of mycobacteriophage against their host bacteria and the evolution of bacteriophage (phage) resistance in the bacteria remains elusive. We aim to study the infection dynamics of a phage cocktail against Mycobacteria under various pathophysiological conditions such as low pH, low growth rate and hypoxia. We show that mycobacteriophages are effective against M. smegmatis under various conditions and the phage cocktail prevents emergence of resistance for long durations. Although the phages are able to amplify after infection, the initial multiplicity of infection plays an important role in reducing the bacterial growth and prolonging efficacy. Mycobacteriophages are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium and show synergy with antibiotics such as rifampicin and isoniazid. Finally, we also show that mycobacteriophages are efficient against M. tuberculosis both under lag and log phase for several weeks. These findings have important implications for developing phage therapy for Mycobacterium.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Two Bacteriophages and Their Preventive Effects against Pathogenic Vibrio coralliilyticus Causing Mortality of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyoun Joong Kim ◽  
Sib Sankar Giri ◽  
Sang Guen Kim ◽  
Sang Wha Kim ◽  
Jun Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Antibiotic Overuse ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

Vibrio coralliilyticus is one of the major pathogens causing mass mortality in marine bivalve larvae aquaculture. To prevent and control Vibrio spp. infections in marine bivalve hatcheries, various antibiotics are overused, resulting in environmental pollution and the creation of multi-drug-resistant strains. Therefore, research on the development of antibiotic substitutes is required. In this study, we isolated two bacteriophages (phages) that specifically infected pathogenic V. coralliilyticus from an oyster hatchery and designated them as pVco-5 and pVco-7. Both phages were classified as Podoviridae and were stable over a wide range of temperatures (4–37 °C) and at pH 7.0–9.0. Thus, both phages were suitable for application under the environmental conditions of an oyster hatchery. The two phages showed confirmed significant bactericidal efficacy against pathogenic V. coralliilyticus in an in vitro test. In the in vivo experiment, the phage pre-treated groups of Pacific oyster larvae showed significantly lower mortality against V. coralliilyticus infection than untreated control larvae. The results of the present study suggest that both phages could be used in the artificial marine bivalve seedling industry; not only to prevent pathogenic V. coralliilyticus infection, but also to reduce antibiotic overuse.

scholarly journals An Optimized Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella in vitro and in Galleria mellonella

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Y. Nale ◽  
Gurinder K. Vinner ◽  
Viviana C. Lopez ◽  
Anisha M. Thanki ◽  
Preeda Phothaworn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Prophylactic Regimen ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Further Development

Salmonella spp. is a leading cause of gastrointestinal enteritis in humans where it is largely contracted via contaminated poultry and pork. Phages can be used to control Salmonella infection in the animals, which could break the cycle of infection before the products are accessible for consumption. Here, the potential of 21 myoviruses and a siphovirus to eliminate Salmonella in vitro and in vivo was examined with the aim of developing a biocontrol strategy to curtail the infection in poultry and swine. Together, the phages targeted the twenty-three poultry and ten swine prevalent Salmonella serotype isolates tested. Although individual phages significantly reduced bacterial growth of representative isolates within 6 h post-infection, bacterial regrowth occurred 1 h later, indicating proliferation of resistant strains. To curtail bacteriophage resistance, a novel three-phage cocktail was developed in vitro, and further investigated in an optimized Galleria mellonella larva Salmonella infection model colonized with representative swine, chicken and laboratory strains. For all the strains examined, G. mellonella larvae given phages 2 h prior to bacterial exposure (prophylactic regimen) survived and Salmonella was undetectable 24 h post-phage treatment and throughout the experimental time (72 h). Administering phages with bacteria (co-infection), or 2 h post-bacterial exposure (remedial regimen) also improved survival (73–100% and 15–88%, respectively), but was less effective than prophylaxis application. These pre-livestock data support the future application of this cocktail for further development to effectively treat Salmonella infection in poultry and pigs. Future work will focus on cocktail formulation to ensure stability and incorporation into feeds and used to treat the infection in target animals.

scholarly journals Study of microbiocenosis of fish gills and intestines in their cultivation using preparations based on bacteriophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Adelya Dzumaniyashevna Zhandalgarova ◽  
Anna Aleksandrovna Bakhareva ◽  
Yulia Nikolaevna Grozesku ◽  
Aleksandr Nevalennyy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Red Tilapia ◽  
Bacterium Species ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Selective Influence

Nowadays bacteriophages are widely used in veterinary medicine, bio-technology, agriculture and in particular in aquaculture. Narrow specificity affecting the bacterial microflora and selective influence on the pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms allow using the bacteriophages for diagnosing, preventing and treating the diseases of farm animals and fish. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms involves the search for new drugs to combat them. In this regard, phage therapy is an alternative to antimicrobial treatment of bacterial diseases of animals and fish. Despite the lack of data on the bacteriophage-based drugs applications in aquaculture, this direction is found to be promising and relevant. There is given a comparative analysis of the microbiocenosis of the gills and intestines of two-year-olds of red tilapia farmed in the water with adding the poly-valence pyobacteriophage and fed by compound feed treated by the preparation. It has been found that the dominant position in the intestinal microbiocenosis of red tilapia belongs to Micrococcus bacteria, whose share made 45.7% of all isolates of the gastrointestinal tract. By the frequency of occurrence, the second place is taken by the Bacterium species (33.2%), the third place - Staphylococcus (16.1%) species. The remaining groups of intestinal microorganisms are presented by a significantly number of isolates. It has been stated that the gills microflora was represented by a smaller species composition compared to the digestive tract microbiota. Isolates of the Bacterium and Staphylococcus bacteria were dominating, while the Actinomycetales and Bacillus microorganisms were represented in smaller numbers (1-2 colonies). The addition of a bacteriophage to water and its processing of compound feed helps to reduce the contamination of gills and reduce pathogenic microflora in the intestines of fish.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on Antibiotic-resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Jafari-Sales ◽  
Ahmadreza Shahniani ◽  
Reza Fathi ◽  
Parviz Malekzadeh ◽  
Haedeh Mobaiyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Achillea Wilhelmsii

AbstractIntroduction and aim: The use of drugs to treat diseases led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is the most common problems in medical science. This study is done to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on against resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus.Material and methods: After collecting plants and validate its scientific name by botanists of Agricultural Organization and after drying in shade, Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii, extracted with steam distillation method by Clevenger and antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil by well diffusion on above mentioned bacteria were interpreted. Amount of Essential Oil were injected to gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC / Ms), and the amount and type compounds of the Essential Oils were identified.Results:The results showed that the extracted essence Essential Oil from the Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii has bactericidal effect. In the obtained results by GC/Ms chromatography, in Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii Essential Oils, 22 and 18 compounds, were identified respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study show that can be taken Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii in herbals groups with antibacterial properties and after evaluating their effects in vivo condition and to identify the active ingredients, as an alternative to synthetic drugs that commonly used to treat infections are used.

scholarly journals Comparative study of bactericidal activities, postantibiotic effects, and effects of bacterial virulence of penicillin G and six macrolides against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Fuursted ◽  
J D Knudsen ◽  
M B Petersen ◽  
R L Poulsen ◽  
D Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Drug Regimen ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Bactericidal Activities ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice ◽  
Intraperitoneal Inoculation

In this report, we present MIC, bactericidal activity, postantibiotic effect (PAE), and in vivo infectivity data for postantibiotic-phase pneumococci. We compared and evaluated penicillin G and six macrolides, erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, roxithromycin, and spiramycin, against 10 strains of pneumococci with various levels of susceptibility to penicillin. All of the agents, except azithromycin, exhibited a bactericidal effect (a > or = 3 log10 decrease in the number of CFU per milliliter) after 4 h of exposure to a concentration equal to 10 times the MIC, displaying the following hierarchy: spiramycin = penicillin G = erythromycin = dirithromycin = clarithromycin = roxithromycin > azithromycin. The bactericidal rate of penicillin G was significantly lower for resistant strains (MIC, > or = 2 microg/ml), while bactericidal rates of macrolides were unaffected by penicillin susceptibility. A PAE was induced in all of the strains by all of the antibiotics after exposure for 1 h to a concentration equivalent to 10 times the MIC. The mean duration of PAEs varied between 2.3 and 3.9 h, showing the following hierarchy: spiramycin = dirithromycin = clarithromycin = erythromycin = roxithromycin > azithromycin > penicillin G. Virulence studies were performed with immunocompetent mice by intraperitoneal inoculation of virulent, penicillin-susceptible serotype 3 pneumococci which had been pre-exposed to penicillin G or a macrolide for 1 h. A significant decrease in the virulence of postantibiotic-phase pneumococci was induced only by erythromycin, azithromycin, dirithromycin, and spiramycin, displaying 5.9-, 7.1-, 4.2-, and 3.6-fold increases in the 50% lethal dose (LD50) compared to a control suspension, respectively. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between the LD50 and the MIC, bactericidal activity, or PAE duration. These results suggest that antimicrobial interaction with host defenses in terms of virulence might be a significant parameter that could influence the drug or drug regimen of choice.

Bactericidal Efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) Against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 Epidemic Strains

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Jayprakash Yadav ◽  
Meenu Jain ◽  
Preeti Yadav ◽  
A.K. Goel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Resistant Strains

In recent years, emerging trend of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae associated with cholera epidemics is a matter of serious concern for the management of the disease. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics generally results in selection of antibiotic resistant strains. Introduction of newer antibiotics is a challenging task for the researchers as bacteria soon attain resistance. Therefore, identifying natural compounds of medicinal importance for control of cholera would be the best alternative. Garlic (Allium sativum) was recognised for many centuries in early Chinese, Egyptian and Indian civilisations as an herbal or traditional medicine. In present study, garlic was selected for screening of antimicrobial efficacy against V. cholerae. A total of 55 V. cholerae strains isolated from various outbreaks/epidemics were subjected to antimicrobial testing as per CLSI, USA 2010 guidelines. Antimicrobial screening of garlic extract was performed against all the multidrug resistant strains of V. cholerae. The garlic extracts showed antibacterial activity against all the V. cholerae strains tested, irrespective of their origin, multidrug resistance and virulence. Antibacterial efficacy of garlic on V. cholerae was also evident from in vivo study on sealed adult mice model. Thus, the Garlic extract harnesses the potential to control infection of multidrug resistant V. cholerae, especially in outbreak like situations in remote and under developed areas where drug supply itself is a challenge

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Bacteriophage, pVco-5, That Infects Vibrio coralliilyticus, Which Causes Bacillary Necrosis in Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Larvae

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyoun Joong Kim ◽  
Jin Woo Jun ◽  
Sib Sankar Giri ◽  
Cheng Chi ◽  
Saekil Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Specific Phage ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genome sequence of the Vibrio coralliilyticus-specific phage pVco-5, a double-stranded DNA virus isolated from an oyster hatchery tank. Vibrio coralliilyticus causes bacillary necrosis in marine bivalve larvae; hence, phage pVco-5 could be used to prevent V. coralliilyticus infections in these larvae.

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