Visual Duration but Not Numerosity Is Distorted While Running

There is increasing evidence that action and perception interact in the processing of magnitudes such as duration and numerosity. Sustained physical exercise (such as running or cycling) increases the apparent duration of visual stimuli presented during the activity. However, the effect of exercise on numerosity perception has not yet been investigated. Here, we asked participants to make either a temporal or a numerical judgment by comparing the duration or numerosity of standard stimuli displayed at rest with those presented while running. The results support previous reports in showing that physical activity significantly expands perceived duration; however, it had no effect on perceived numerosity. Furthermore, the distortions of the perceived durations vanished soon after the running session, making it unlikely that physiological factors such as heart rate underlie the temporal distortion. Taken together, these results suggest a domain-selective influence of the motor system on the perception of time, rather than a general effect on magnitude.

Study of microbiocenosis of fish gills and intestines in their cultivation using preparations based on bacteriophages

Nowadays bacteriophages are widely used in veterinary medicine, bio-technology, agriculture and in particular in aquaculture. Narrow specificity affecting the bacterial microflora and selective influence on the pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms allow using the bacteriophages for diagnosing, preventing and treating the diseases of farm animals and fish. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms involves the search for new drugs to combat them. In this regard, phage therapy is an alternative to antimicrobial treatment of bacterial diseases of animals and fish. Despite the lack of data on the bacteriophage-based drugs applications in aquaculture, this direction is found to be promising and relevant. There is given a comparative analysis of the microbiocenosis of the gills and intestines of two-year-olds of red tilapia farmed in the water with adding the poly-valence pyobacteriophage and fed by compound feed treated by the preparation. It has been found that the dominant position in the intestinal microbiocenosis of red tilapia belongs to Micrococcus bacteria, whose share made 45.7% of all isolates of the gastrointestinal tract. By the frequency of occurrence, the second place is taken by the Bacterium species (33.2%), the third place - Staphylococcus (16.1%) species. The remaining groups of intestinal microorganisms are presented by a significantly number of isolates. It has been stated that the gills microflora was represented by a smaller species composition compared to the digestive tract microbiota. Isolates of the Bacterium and Staphylococcus bacteria were dominating, while the Actinomycetales and Bacillus microorganisms were represented in smaller numbers (1-2 colonies). The addition of a bacteriophage to water and its processing of compound feed helps to reduce the contamination of gills and reduce pathogenic microflora in the intestines of fish.

Ways to optimize the training process for the development special working capacity of skiers-racers

The article considers the development of special working capacity of skiers-racers with the use of work-rest regimes, which is an effective means of selective influence on the indicators of general and special working capacity, coordination structure of movements, reactions of body service systems. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different modes of alternation of work with rest and the tasks of action in the training lesson when using the segment of 1000-2000 m on the change of individual elements of technology, speed, speed endurance when overcoming climbs. Objective of the study: to determine the cumulative effect of the use of different modes of alternation of work with rest on the change of the main indicators of special performance of skiers in the process of training lessons. The research methodology consisted of the use of repeated functional loads. A technical and tactical model of competitive behavior at a distance in the process of training and competition depending on the conditions and relief of the competitive distance is proposed. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of training programs at different stages of sports training showed the advantage of the method of development of special ability to work, based on the principle of selective and variable influence of lesson models with known effects on the athlete. The results of research allow us to create models of training lessons that selectively affect different body systems and contribute to more accurate management of the development of special working ability. The use of these models in the general structure of the methodology for the development of special working capacity creates an opportunity to comprehensively influence the person as a complex organized system of self-regulation. The practical use of the research results optimizes the process of sports training management for a longer period of time.

Qualitative speed-accuracy tradeoff effects can be explained by a diffusion/fast-guess mixture model

Rafiei and Rahnev (2021) presented an analysis of an experiment in which they manipulated speed-accuracy stress and stimulus contrast in an orientation discrimination task. They argued that the standard diffusion model could not account for the patterns of data their experiment produced. However, their experiment encouraged and produced fast guesses in the higher speed-stress conditions. These fast guesses are responses with chance accuracy and response times (RTs) less than 300 ms. We developed a simple mixture model in which fast guesses were represented by a simple normal distribution with fixed mean and standard deviation and other responses by the standard diffusion process. The model fit the whole pattern of accuracy and RTs as a function of speed/accuracy stress and stimulus contrast, including the sometimes bimodal shapes of RT distributions. In the model, speed-accuracy stress affected some model parameters while stimulus contrast affected a different one showing selective influence. Rafiei and Rahnev’s failure to fit the diffusion model was the result of driving subjects to fast guess in their experiment.

Computing and Using Inclusion Bayes Factors for Mixed Fixed and Random Effect Diffusion Decision Models

Cognitive models provide a substantively meaningful quantitative description of latent cognitive processes. The quantitative formulation of these models supports cumulative theory building and enables strong empirical tests. However, the non-linearity of these models and pervasive correlations among model parameters pose special challenges when applying cognitive models to data. Firstly, estimating cognitive models typically requires large hierarchical data sets that need to be accommodated by an appropriate statistical structure within the model. Secondly, statistical inference needs to appropriately account for model uncertainty to avoid overconfidence and biased parameter estimates. In the present work we show how these challenges can be addressed through a combination of Bayesian hierarchical modelling and Bayesian model averaging. To illustrate these techniques, we apply the popular diffusion decision model to data from a collaborative selective influence study.

Selective Influence of Cyflumetofen in Degradation and Ecological Risk Assessment

Pesticide pollution has gradually caused land degradation. In order to avoid this problem, it is recommended to use enantiomeric pesticides that have less impact on the soil. The degradation of CYF enantiomers and the effect on soil functions are closely related to microorganisms. (+)-CYF enantiomer is degradable preferred and further discovered that related microorganism that degrades enantiomers. CYF enantiomers alter the bacteria structure and decreased the bacteria abundance. The combination of high-throughput and quantitative PCR results showed that the diversity of the (+)-CYF treatment was significantly lower than that of the (-)-CYF (-30.41 to 44.60) treatment and the (+)-CYF treatment (-27.80 to 56.70%) was more capable of causing the decrease in the number of soil microorganisms. In addition, (+)-CYF severely interferes with nitrogen cycling-related functions. Furthermore, the soil microbial structure was changed to its original level by enantiomers posed. In the study of nitrogen cycle function, we found that both enantiomers can restrain the abundance of nitrogen cycle-related genes, especially the (+)-CYF treatment decreased more. CCA showed that g-Massilia and g-Arthrobacter are closely related to nitrogen fixation genes and nitrification genes and degradation of the two enantiomers of CYF by g-Arthrobacter is closely related. The biological effects of cyflumetofen enantiomers remain unclear. Bioassay results show that enantiomers have similar virulence to Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Therefore, while achieving the prevention and control effect, the use of a single isomer (+)-CYF has a higher potential risk to the soil ecosystem.

More Money — More Births? Estimating Effects of 2007 Family Policy Changes on Probability of Second and Subsequent Births in Russia

From 2007 to 2015 total fertility rate in Russia increased from 1.42 to 1.78, following a long period of decline in 1990-1999 and stagnation in 2000-2006. Politicians attribute this growth to a package of pro-natalist policy measures introduced in 2007 and particularly to the maternity (family) capital program, the most well-known innovation of the 2007 reform. Existing studies, although sparse, have not actually proven this point of view clearly yet. This paper aims to reveal whether the pro-natalist measures of 2007 have influenced probability of second and consequent births in Russia. Since in 2007 several family policy measures were introduced simultaneously, and the authors estimate their cumulative effect applying a set of binary logistic regressions on the panel of Russian Generations and Gender Survey data collected in 2004, 2007, and 2011. The study reveals that the probability of second and subsequent births before the introduction of policy measures does not differ significantly from that observed after it. The authors find no effect of 2007 family policy changes on probability of second and consequent births in Russia. The data shows some signs of selective influence of the 2007 policy changes on women with lower human capital and incomes, however, further studies on bigger samples are needed to prove this fact. The study extends the academic discussion and adds to the pool of empirical evidence on the pro-natalist policy effects on fertility. By demonstrating no significant effects of Russian 2007 family policy measures the paper contributes to the overcoming of existing publication bias in the field. Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful for the support granted to the research within the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE).

Qualitative speed-accuracy tradeoff effects that cannot be explained by the diffusion model under the selective influence assumption

It is often thought that the diffusion model explains all effects related to the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) but this has previously been examined with only a few SAT conditions or only a few subjects. Here we collected data from 20 subjects who performed a perceptual discrimination task with five different difficulty levels and five different SAT conditions (5000 trials/subject). We found that the five SAT conditions produced robustly U-shaped curves for (i) the difference between error and correct response times (RTs), (ii) the ratio of the standard deviation and mean of the RT distributions, and (iii) the skewness of the RT distributions. Critically, the diffusion model where only drift rate varies with contrast and only boundary varies with SAT could not account for any of the three U-shaped curves. Further, allowing all parameters to vary across conditions revealed that both the SAT and difficulty manipulations resulted in substantial modulations in every model parameter, while still providing imperfect fits to the data. These findings demonstrate that the diffusion model cannot fully explain the effects of SAT and establishes three robust but challenging effects that models of SAT should account for.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF SELECTIVE REGIONAL POLICY OF THE STATE

It is established that the current practice of territorial development management in the Russian Federation is ahead of the development of the theory considering regional state policy. In this regard, the theoretical and methodological basis related to the selective regional policy of the state are supplemented by developing theoretical and methodological provisions of the selective regional policy of socio-economic development for geostrategic territories and applied support for evaluating its effectiveness. A classification of geoselective regional policy tools is presented. In contrast to the known classifications, this classification makes it possible to determine the endogenous and exogenous types of stimulating selective influence of the state on the development of geostrategic regions when developing organizational and methodological support for the state's regional policy