scholarly journals Interferometric Technique for the Spectral Characterization of High Frequency Current-Modulated Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Lasers

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Marc-Simon Bahr ◽  
Marcus Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Lasers ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Interference Signal ◽  
Interferometric Technique ◽  
Interband Cascade Laser ◽  
The Absolute

We describe two methods, based on Michelson interferometery, that enable the determination of the absolute wavelength of current-modulated semiconductor lasers. By non-linear regression of the instantaneous frequency of the interference signal, the rate of change of the wavelength of the radiation can be inferred. Alternatively, the absolute wavelength can be directly calculated from the maxima and minima of the interference signal. In both cases a reference absorption line enables the determination of the absolute wavelength. Both methods offer respective advantages. The methods allow a highly resolved wavelength measurement under lower kilohertz range current-modulation with relatively little effort. As a result, we present the rates of wavelength change and absolute wavelengths exemplarily for a specific interband cascade laser. It is furthermore shown that the spectral dynamic range of the laser decreases with increasing modulation frequency.

Development and Characterization of Anti-Estradiol Polyclonal Antibody

2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ying Li ◽  
Jin Qing Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Polyclonal Antibody ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

This paper reports an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) using polyclonal antibody (pAb) for estradiol (E2) residues. After derivation, E2 haptens were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) through 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropy) carbodiimide (EDC) method, and New Zealand white rabbits were immunized to produce anti-E2 pAb. The conjugation ratio of E2-BSA was proved to be 18.6:1 by an UV absorbance method. Based on the square matrix titration, an icELISA standard curve was developed. The dynamic range was from 0.16 to 128 ng/mL, with LOD and IC50 value of 0.08 ng/mL and 3.76 ng/mL, respectively. Except for a little cross-reactivity (16.2%) to estrone, this assay showed negligible cross-reactivity to other analogues tested. The results suggest that the produced anti-E2 pAb could be used to develop an icELISA method for the determination of E2 residues in animal-originally products.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers calibrated by seven UV calibration facilities in Europe and the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2249-2273
Author(s):  
G. Hülsen ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
A. Bais ◽  
M. Blumthaler ◽  
P. Disterhoft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Angular Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Spectral Responses ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. A bi-lateral intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers was performed between seven UV calibration facilities. The owners calibrations were compared relative to the characterisation and calibration performed at PMOD/WRC in Davos, Switzerland. The calibration consisted in the determination of the spectral and angular response of the radiometer, followed by an absolute calibration performed outdoors relative to a spectroradiometer which provided the absolute reference. The characterization of the detectors in the respective laboratories are in good agreement: The determination of the angular responses have deviations below ±4% and the spectral responses agree within ±20%. A "blind" intercomparison of the erythemally weighted irradiances derived by the respective institutes and PMOD/WRC showed consistent measurements to within ±2% for the majority of institutes. One institute showed slightly larger deviation of 10%. The differences found between the different instrument calibrations are all within the combined uncertainty of the calibration.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers calibrated by seven UV calibration facilities in Europe and the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 4865-4875 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hülsen ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
A. Bais ◽  
M. Blumthaler ◽  
P. Disterhoft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Angular Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Spectral Responses ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. A bi-lateral intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers was performed between seven UV calibration facilities. The calibrations provided by the instruments owners were compared relative to the characterisation and calibration performed at PMOD/WRC in Davos, Switzerland. The calibration consisted in the determination of the spectral and angular response of the radiometer, followed by an absolute calibration performed outdoors relative to a spectroradiometer which provided the absolute reference. The characterization of the detectors in the respective laboratories are in good agreement: The determinations of the angular responses have deviations below ±4% and the spectral responses agree within ±20%. A "blind" intercomparison of the erythemally weighted irradiances derived by the respective institutes and PMOD/WRC showed consistent measurements to within ±2% for the majority of institutes. One institute showed slightly larger deviation of 10%. The differences found between the different instrument calibrations are all within the combined uncertainty of the calibration.

The Absolute, Entirely Viscometric Determination of the Molecular Weight of high Polymers

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Edelmann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Simple Measurement ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Viscosity Determination ◽  
Numerical Knowledge ◽  
High Polymers

Abstract The utility of high polymers in all fields of application depends on the average molecular weight. In general, strength, elasticity and tear resistance under sudden stress increase with the molecular weight. On the contrary, processibility and solubility decrease with increasing molecular weight. The opposing requirements for quality and economy lead to the necessity of possessing as accurate a knowledge of the molecular weight as possible, to make certain that the molecular weight of a product is adequate for the requirements of a definite application. Normally, a simple measurement of viscosity will suffice as a test for the characterization of a definite product. The knowledge of the absolute value of the molecular weight is not required in the case where it is possible to arrange different samples in a correct series. However, in many cases a numerical knowledge of the molecular weight is desirable. In the case of the reactions of cellulose, e.g., it is often necessary to determine at what point decomposition occurs. Normally, this is not possible by means of a simple viscosity determination, since its standardization against absolute methods varies with the degree of substitution and the type of solvent. To this must be added, the causes for the occurrence of structural viscosity in solutions of linear macromolecules, which also make it necessary to determine the molecular weight for the evaluation of these high polymers.

Synthesis and characterization of Δ-cis(N)-trans(O5)-RR sodium bis-((S)-α-alaninato-N-monopropionato)cobaltate(III) isomer

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2109-2115
Author(s):  
Bohumil Hájek ◽  
Jana Ondráčková ◽  
František Jursík
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Configuration ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Mutual Position ◽  
Molecular Models ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm ◽  
C Nmr

Of the 12 possible diastereoisomers only Δ-cis(N)-trans(O5)-(RR)-Na[Co(alamp)2] isomer was isolated. Possible reasons explaining stereospecific coordination of ligand are discussed in terms of steric intra- and interligand interactions arising from the mutual position of -CH3 and N-CH2-CH2- groups. These exclude all isomers with SS or RS configuration of secondary nitrogen atoms. For the determination of the absolute configuration visible absorption, 1H, 13C NMR, circular dichroism and molecular models were employed.

Polarity Determination in Sphalerite and Wurtzite Structures

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Polar Material ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dynamical Interaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polarity Determination ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The determination of the absolute polarity of a polar material is often crucial to the understanding of the defects which occur in such materials. Several methods exist by which this determination may be performed. In bulk, single-domain specimens, macroscopic techniques may be used, such as the different etching behavior, using the appropriate etchant, of surfaces with opposite polarity. X-ray measurements under conditions where Friedel’s law (which means that the intensity of reflections from planes of opposite polarity are indistinguishable) breaks down can also be used to determine the absolute polarity of bulk, single-domain specimens. On the microscopic scale, and particularly where antiphase boundaries (APBs), which separate regions of opposite polarity exist, electron microscopic techniques must be employed. Two techniques are commonly practised; the first [1], involves the dynamical interaction of hoLz lines which interfere constructively or destructively with the zero order reflection, depending on the crystal polarity. The crystal polarity can therefore be directly deduced from the relative intensity of these interactions.

Characterization of Impressed Current Technique to Model Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Abu Zakir Morshed ◽  
Sheikh Shakib ◽  
Tanzim Jahin
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Time ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
Current Technique ◽  
Corrosion Cell ◽  
Impressed Current

Corrosion of reinforcement is an important durability concern for the structures exposed to coastal regions. Since corrosion of reinforcement involves long periods of time, impressed current technique is usually used to accelerate the corrosion of reinforcement in laboratories. Characterization of impressed current technique was the main focus of this research,which involved determination of optimum chloride content and minimum immersion time of specimens for which the application of Faraday’s law could be efficient. To obtain optimum chloride content, the electrolytes in the corrosion cell were prepared similar to that of concrete pore solutions. Concrete prisms of 200 mm by 200 mm by 300 mm were used to determine the minimum immersion time for saturation. It was found that the optimum chloride content was 35 gm/L and the minimum immersion time for saturation was 140 hours. Accounting the results, a modified expression based on Faraday’s law was proposed to calculate weight loss due to corrosion. Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 93-99

The Determination of Sense via Deleuze and Blanchot: Paradoxes of the Habitual, the Immemorial, and the Eternal Return

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Brently Young
Keyword(s):  
Eternal Return

Eternal return is the paradox that accounts for the interplay between difference and repetition, a dynamic at the heart of Deleuze's philosophy, and Blanchot's approach to this paradox, even and especially through what it elides, further illuminates it. Deleuze draws on Blanchot's characterisations of difference, forgetting, and the unlivable to depict the ‘sense’ produced via eternal return, which, for Blanchot, is where repetition implicates or ‘carries’ pure difference. However, for Deleuze, difference and the unlivable are also developed by the living repetition or ‘contraction’ of habit, which results in his distinctive characterization of ‘force’, ‘levity’, and sense in eternal return.

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