scholarly journals Intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers calibrated by seven UV calibration facilities in Europe and the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 4865-4875 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hülsen ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
A. Bais ◽  
M. Blumthaler ◽  
P. Disterhoft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Angular Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Spectral Responses ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. A bi-lateral intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers was performed between seven UV calibration facilities. The calibrations provided by the instruments owners were compared relative to the characterisation and calibration performed at PMOD/WRC in Davos, Switzerland. The calibration consisted in the determination of the spectral and angular response of the radiometer, followed by an absolute calibration performed outdoors relative to a spectroradiometer which provided the absolute reference. The characterization of the detectors in the respective laboratories are in good agreement: The determinations of the angular responses have deviations below ±4% and the spectral responses agree within ±20%. A "blind" intercomparison of the erythemally weighted irradiances derived by the respective institutes and PMOD/WRC showed consistent measurements to within ±2% for the majority of institutes. One institute showed slightly larger deviation of 10%. The differences found between the different instrument calibrations are all within the combined uncertainty of the calibration.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers calibrated by seven UV calibration facilities in Europe and the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2249-2273
Author(s):  
G. Hülsen ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
A. Bais ◽  
M. Blumthaler ◽  
P. Disterhoft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Angular Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Spectral Responses ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. A bi-lateral intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers was performed between seven UV calibration facilities. The owners calibrations were compared relative to the characterisation and calibration performed at PMOD/WRC in Davos, Switzerland. The calibration consisted in the determination of the spectral and angular response of the radiometer, followed by an absolute calibration performed outdoors relative to a spectroradiometer which provided the absolute reference. The characterization of the detectors in the respective laboratories are in good agreement: The determination of the angular responses have deviations below ±4% and the spectral responses agree within ±20%. A "blind" intercomparison of the erythemally weighted irradiances derived by the respective institutes and PMOD/WRC showed consistent measurements to within ±2% for the majority of institutes. One institute showed slightly larger deviation of 10%. The differences found between the different instrument calibrations are all within the combined uncertainty of the calibration.

Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VI. Characterization of Carbon Blacks by Inverse Gas Chromatography at Finite Concentration

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Siegfried Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Inverse Gas Chromatography ◽  
General Trend ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Finite Concentration ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Carbon blacks ranging from N110 to N990 were characterized by means of inverse gas chromatography at finite concentration. The isotherms, net heat, and spreading pressures for benzene and cyclohexane adsorption suggest a general trend of increasing surface activity with increases in specific surface area. This is in good agreement with surface-energy measurements reported previously. The energy-distribution function of adsorption shows that while the concentrations of low-energy sites are comparable for most of the carbon blacks, differences exist with regard to high-energy sites. These suggest that small-particle-size blacks possess a greater number of high-energy centers. The graphitization of carbon blacks results in a considerable reduction in their adsorption capacity and narrows the energy distribution of their surfaces. One can therefore conclude that high-energy sites play an important role in the determination of the surface energies and reinforcing ability of carbon blacks.

scholarly journals Determination of the absolute hardness of electrolytically produced copper coatings by application of the Chicot-Lesage composite hardness model

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
Ivana Mladenovic ◽  
Jelena Lamovec ◽  
Dana Vasiljevic-Radovic ◽  
Vesna Radojevic ◽  
Nebojsa Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Pause Duration ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Copper Coatings ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Hardness Model ◽  
Composite Hardness ◽  
Pulsating Current ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Coating Hardness

In this study, a novel procedure based on application of the Chicot?Lesage (C?L) composite hardness model was proposed for determination of an absolute hardness of electrolytically produced copper coatings. The Cu coatings were electrodeposited on the Si(111) substrate by the pulsating current (PC) regime with a variation of the following parameters: the pause duration, the current density amplitude and the coating thickness. The topography of produced coatings was characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), while a hardness of the coatings was examined by Vickers microindentation test. Applying the C?L model, the critical relative indentation depth (RID)c of 0.14 was determined, which is independent of all examined parameters of the PC regime. This RID value separated the area in which the composite hardness of the Cu coating corresponded to its absolute hardness (RID < 0.14) from the area in which application of the C?L model was necessary for a determination of the absolute coating hardness (RID ? 0.14). The obtained value was in a good agreement with the value already published in the literature.

scholarly journals Advancements in Techniques for Calibration and Characterization of In Situ Optical Particle Measuring Probes, and Applications to the FSSP-100 Probe

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Nagel ◽  
Uwe Maixner ◽  
Walter Strapp ◽  
Mohammed Wasey
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Droplet Generator ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Distortion Matrix ◽  
Measured Particle

Abstract Advancements in techniques for the operational calibration and characterization of instrument performance of the Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. (PMS), forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) and optical array probes (OAPs) are presented, which also can be used for most in situ particle-measuring optical probes on the market. These techniques include the determination of a distortion matrix to correct for instrumental broadening of the measured particle size distribution. A new version of a monodisperse droplet generator is introduced for absolute calibration in the size range between 10 and 100 μm. In addition, a high-speed technique was employed for the determination of airspeed influence on the sample volume and the sizing of particles. The calibration of a PMS FSSP with real water droplets may be significantly different from the usual calibration with glass beads. High-speed measurements simulate particles at speeds of up to about 250 m s−1. Particle undersizing and the decrease of the sample volume with increasing airspeed are described. The use of the modular tools, built for this work, is discussed for probe alignment, functionality checks, and general characterization and diagnostics both in laboratory and field environments.

scholarly journals Monitoring the Absolute Calibration of a Polarimetric Weather Radar

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Frech ◽  
Martin Hagen ◽  
Theo Mammen
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Field Range ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Polarimetric Weather Radar ◽  
Radar Calibration ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rain Radar

AbstractThe absolute calibration of a dual-polarization radar of the German Weather Service is continuously monitored using the operational birdbath scan and collocated disdrometer measurements at the Hohenpeissenberg observatory. The goal is to measure the radar reflectivity constant Z better than ±1 dB. The assumption is that a disdrometer measurement close to the surface can be related to the radar measurement at the first far-field range bin. This is verified using a Micro Rain Radar (MRR). The MRR data fill the gap between the measurement near the surface and the far-field range bin at 650 m. Using data from the first half of the warm season in 2014, a bias in radar calibration of 1.8 dB is found. Data from only stratiform precipitation events are considered. After adjusting the radar calibration and using an independent data sample, very good agreement is found between the radar, the MRR, and the disdrometer with a bias in smaller than 1 dB. The bias in is not captured with the classic one-point calibration, which is performed twice a day using a built-in test signal generator. This is attributed to the fact that the characterization of the transmit and receive path is not accurate enough. Solar interferences during the operational scanning are used to characterize the receiver. There, the bias found is small, about 0.2 dB, so that bias based on the comparison of the radar with external sensors is attributed to the transmit path. The representativeness of the disdrometer measurements are assessed using two additional disdrometers located within 200-m distance.

scholarly journals Direct Determination of Molecular Weight and Its Distribution by the Absolute Calibration Method Using the On-Line GPC/NMR

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Hatada ◽  
Koichi Ute ◽  
Masaharu Kashiyama ◽  
Mamoru Imanari
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Absolute

scholarly journals Micromechanical Characterization of Complex Polypropylene Morphologies by HarmoniX AFM

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Liparoti ◽  
A. Sorrentino ◽  
V. Speranza
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Micromechanical Characterization ◽  
Complex Polymer ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper examines the capability of the HarmoniX Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique to draw accurate and reliable micromechanical characterization of complex polymer morphologies generally found in conventional thermoplastic polymers. To that purpose, injection molded polypropylene samples, containing representative morphologies, have been characterized by HarmoniX AFM. Mapping and distributions of mechanical properties of the samples surface are determined and analyzed. Effects of sample preparation and test conditions are also analyzed. Finally, the AFM determination of surface elastic moduli has been compared with that obtained by indentation tests, finding good agreement among the results.

scholarly journals Determination of Absolute Proper Motions by Use of Automated Measurements of Tautenburg Plates

1990 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 451-452
Author(s):  
R.-D. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Globular Cluster ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Good Agreement

From measurements of Tautenburg Schmidt plates with the APM in Cambridge positional accuracies per plate of 0.″05 for stars and of 0.″10 for galaxies were achieved. With 0.″3/100a accuracy in a single stellar proper motion we obtained the absolute proper motion of the M3 globular cluster in good agreement between the two pairs of plates used.

The Absolute, Entirely Viscometric Determination of the Molecular Weight of high Polymers

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Edelmann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Simple Measurement ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Viscosity Determination ◽  
Numerical Knowledge ◽  
High Polymers

Abstract The utility of high polymers in all fields of application depends on the average molecular weight. In general, strength, elasticity and tear resistance under sudden stress increase with the molecular weight. On the contrary, processibility and solubility decrease with increasing molecular weight. The opposing requirements for quality and economy lead to the necessity of possessing as accurate a knowledge of the molecular weight as possible, to make certain that the molecular weight of a product is adequate for the requirements of a definite application. Normally, a simple measurement of viscosity will suffice as a test for the characterization of a definite product. The knowledge of the absolute value of the molecular weight is not required in the case where it is possible to arrange different samples in a correct series. However, in many cases a numerical knowledge of the molecular weight is desirable. In the case of the reactions of cellulose, e.g., it is often necessary to determine at what point decomposition occurs. Normally, this is not possible by means of a simple viscosity determination, since its standardization against absolute methods varies with the degree of substitution and the type of solvent. To this must be added, the causes for the occurrence of structural viscosity in solutions of linear macromolecules, which also make it necessary to determine the molecular weight for the evaluation of these high polymers.

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