Tissue Distribution and Biochemical Changes in Response to Copper Accumulation in Erica australis L.

Copper uptake, accumulation in different tissues and organs and biochemical and physiological parameters were studied in Erica australis treated with different Cu concentrations (1, 50, 100 and 200 µM) under hydroponic culture. Copper treatments led to a significant reduction in growth rate, biomass production and water content in shoots, while photosynthetic pigments did not change. Copper treatments led to an increase in catalase and peroxidase activities. Copper accumulation followed the pattern roots > stems ≥ leaves, being roots the prevalent Cu sink. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) showed a uniform Cu distribution in root tissues. On the contrary, in leaf tissues, Cu showed preferential storage in abaxial trichomes, suggesting a mechanism of compartmentation to restrict accumulation in mesophyll cells. The results show that the studied species act as a Cu-excluder, and Cu toxicity was avoided to a certain extent by root immobilization, leaf tissue compartmentation and induction of antioxidant enzymes to prevent cell damage.

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Changes in the Cellular Concentrations of Elements in Tobacco Leaf Tissues during Growth and Senescence

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0607 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 297-312

Author(s):

P Echlin

Keyword(s):

Leaf Tissue ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Spongy Mesophyll ◽

X Ray ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Sodium Magnesium ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Late Stages

AbstractQuantitative X-ray microanalysis for nine elements has been carried out on frozen, fully hydrated fracture faces of upper and lower epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells in leaf tissue of Nicotianatabacum L. cv. Coker 319 taken from plants at five different stages of growth. Although concentrations of aluminium, silicon and chlorine generally fell below the minimum-detection limit, the values for sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium and calcium were consistently higher and showed differences among tissue types and stages of growth. The general trend was for elemental concentrations to increase up to the mature and ripe stages of growth and then to decrease as the leaf ages further. The sodium values were highest at the beginning and end of the five stages of growth, with higher amounts in the epidermal tissues. As the leaves age, the levels of magnesium fell in the photosynthetic tissues but increased in the epidermal tissues. Such changes could be correlated with higher concentrations of potassium at the early stages of growth and with much lower values at the late stages. The sulphur levels showed only small differences between tissue types at all stages of growth. The calcium levels increased with age and there were consistently higher concentrations in the photosynthetic tissues than in the two epidermal layers. The levels of phosphorus were low in all tissue types and decreased with age. There is an increasing positive correlation between phosphorus and magnesium and a decreasing positive correlation between phosphorus and potassium during growth and senescence.

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Diversification within grapevine cultivars goes through chimeric states

Genome ◽

10.1139/g04-006 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 579-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

S Hocquigny ◽

F Pelsy ◽

V Dumas ◽

S Kindt ◽

M-C Heloir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Diploid Species ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Cell Layers ◽

Self Fertilization ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Root Tissues ◽

L1 And L2

Vitis vinifera 'Pinot' clones were analysed at 50 microsatellite loci to assess intravarietal genetic diversity. When analysing leaf tissue DNAs, polymorphism mainly resulted from the appearance of a third allele when two were expected for heterozygous loci in a diploid species. The sequencing of the three microsatellite alleles at two loci has confirmed their simultaneous presence in the leaf tissues. A hypothesis explaining the triallelic profiles at a locus is the presence of a periclinal chimera meristem structure, in which genetically different cell layers coexist. The periclinal chimeric state of two Vitis vinifera 'Pinot gris' clones was confirmed by splitting and analysing the genotypes resulting from L1 and L2 cell layers in progeny derived from self-fertilization, in root tissues, and in plants regenerated from somatic embryogenesis. Prevalence of chimerism in polymorphic clones observed in a collection of 145 accessions belonging to 'Pinot gris', 'Pinot noir', Pinot blanc', 'Pinot meunier', and 'Pinot moure' cultivars was demonstrated. The accumulation of somatic mutations and cell layer rearrangements allowed us to deduce the relationships between the various genotypes and to open a way for understanding the diversification process and the phylogeny in the 'Pinot' group.Key words: microsatellite, diversity, somatic mutation, chimerism, Vitis vinifera L., 'Pinot'.

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Salinity tolerance in chickpea is associated with the ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaf mesophyll cells

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/erz241 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (18) ◽

pp. 4991-5002 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lukasz Kotula ◽

Peta L Clode ◽

Juan De La Cruz Jimenez ◽

Timothy D Colmer

Keyword(s):

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Cell Types ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Salinity Treatment ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

X Ray ◽

Leaf Mesophyll ◽

Excessive Accumulation

Abstract Salinity tolerance is associated with Na ‘exclusion’ from, or ‘tissue tolerance’ in, leaves. We investigated whether two contrasting chickpea genotypes, salt-tolerant Genesis836 and salt-sensitive Rupali, differ in leaf tissue tolerance to NaCl. We used X-ray microanalysis to evaluate cellular Na, Cl, and K concentrations in various cell types within leaflets and also in secretory trichomes of the two chickpea genotypes in relation to photosynthesis in control and saline conditions. TEM was used to assess the effects of salinity on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts. Genesis836 maintained net photosynthetic rates (A) for the 21 d of salinity treatment (60 mM NaCl), whereas A in Rupali substantially decreased after 11 d. Leaflet tissue [Na] was low in Genesis836 but had increased markedly in Rupali. In Genesis836, Na was accumulated in epidermal cells but was low in mesophyll cells, whereas in Rupali cellular [Na] was high in both cell types. The excessive accumulation of Na in mesophyll cells of Rupali corresponded to structural damage to the chloroplasts. Maintenance of photosynthesis and thus salinity tolerance in Genesis836 was associated with an ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaflets and in particular from the photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, and to compartmentalize Na in epidermal cells.

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COPPER UPTAKE IN SHORT TIME CULTIVATED RAT HEPATOCYTES AND COPPER ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE RAT LIVER DURING CHOLESTASIS STUDIED BY PROTON INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE)

Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany, April 1988 ◽

10.1515/9783112417201-058 ◽

1988 ◽

pp. 498-503

Author(s):

A. Ochs ◽

H. P. Buscher ◽

W. Gerok ◽

D. Heck ◽

H. Thorn

Keyword(s):

Rat Liver ◽

Rat Hepatocytes ◽

Copper Accumulation ◽

Copper Uptake ◽

X Ray ◽

Short Time

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Uptake of Trace Elements in Leaves of the Larrea Tridentata (DC.) Coville in Desert Washes of an Arid Environment

Environments ◽

10.3390/environments6060058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Douglas B. Sims ◽

Christopher J. Collumb ◽

Amanda C. Hudson ◽

Douglas J. Walton

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Arid Environment ◽

Larrea Tridentata ◽

Distribution Data ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

Creosote Bush ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Root Tissues

Trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ba, Fe, Al, Mn and Ba) were uptaken by the leaves of the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville) in Nelson, Nevada, although at low concentrations. Samples were collected up-gradient of the mine tailings, the tailings, and down gradient from the source to measure spatial distribution. Data show that trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Hg, Se) enter L. tridentata through root tissues, migrating to leaf tissue, but at significantly lower levels than that of the source sediments. Metalloid (As and Se) concentrations in the leaf tissues ranged from non-detect to greater than 44 mg kg−1 As and non-detect to over 34 mg kg−1 Se. For trace metals, Hg ranged from non-detect to 0.14 mg kg−1; Ba from 1.74 to 4.12 mg kg−1; and Cr from non-detect to 6.18 mg kg−1 while Ag, Cd, and Pb were not detected in the plant leaves. When comparing the ratio of sediment metal concentration to plant metal concentrations, the Techatticup Wash contained the highest levels of trace elements in the leaves of the L. tridentata, followed by the Carnation Wash, with the Eagle Wash containing the lowest concentrations of trace elements.

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Ultrastructure and Senescence in an Achloroplastic Mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Dyan

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100124628 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 844-845

Author(s):

R.H.M. Cross ◽

C.E.J. Botha ◽

A.K. Cowan ◽

B.J. Hartley

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Lethal Mutant ◽

Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Pinocytotic Vesicles

Senescence is an ordered degenerative process leading to death of individual cells, organs and organisms. The detection of a conditional lethal mutant (achloroplastic) of Hordeum vulgare has enabled us to investigate ultrastructural changes occurring in leaf tissue during foliar senescence.Examination of the tonoplast structure in six and 14 day-old mutant tissue revealed a progressive degeneration and disappearance of the membrane, apparently starting by day six in the vicinity of the mitochondria associated with the degenerating proplastid (Fig. 1.) where neither of the plastid membrane leaflets is evident (arrows, Fig. 1.). At this stage there was evidence that the mitochondrial membranes were undergoing retrogressive changes, coupled with disorganization of cristae (Fig. 2.). Proplastids (P) lack definitive prolamellar bodies. The cytoplasmic matrix is largely agranular, with few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or polyribosomal aggregates. Interestingly, large numbers of actively-budding dictysomes, associated with pinocytotic vesicles, were observed in close proximity to the plasmalemma of mesophyll cells (Fig. 3.). By day 14 however, mesophyll cells showed almost complete breakdown of subcellular organelle structure (Fig. 4.), and further evidence for the breakdown of the tonoplast. The final stage of senescence is characterized by the solubilization of the cell wall due to expression and activity of polygalacturonase and/or cellulose. The presence of dictyosomes with associated pinocytotic vesicles formed from the mature face, in close proximity to both the plasmalemma and the cell wall, would appear to support the model proposed by Christopherson for the secretion of cellulase. This pathway of synthesis is typical for secretory glycoproteins.

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Stem Cold Hardiness, Leaf Heat Tolerance, Growth, and Performance of Six Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.512e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 512e-512

Author(s):

A.M. Shirazi

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Heat Tolerance ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Block Design ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Ion Leakage ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

And Performance

Six different Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) cultivars `Water Fall', `Burgundy Lace', `Crimson Queen', `Oshio-Beni', `SangoKaKu', and `Bloodgood' from Monrovia Nursery were planted in a randomized block design on 4 June 1997 at the The Morton Arboretum. Leaf heat tolerance was evaluated by measuring ion leakage of the leaf tissue at 25–60 °C in July, Aug., and Sept. 1997. The LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues were injured) of all the cultivars were higher in July (≈53 °C) and were lower in September (≈47 °C). Water content of the leaf tissues were higher in July compare to August and September and were not related to heat tolerance of most cultivars. Stem cold hardiness was performed by artificial freezing tests in Oct., Dec., and Feb. 1997/98. The Lowest Survival Temperature (LST) for the most hardy to least hardy cultivars in October and December were: `Burgundy Lace' (–15, –27 °C), `Bloodgood' (–18, –24 °C), `Oshio-Beni' (–15, –24 °C), `Crimson Queen' (–15, –18 °C), `Water Fall' (–9, –18 °C) and `SangoKaKu' (–9, –12 °C), respectively. Growth, dormancy development, spring budbreak and performance of these cultivars will be compared.

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Evidence that a New Antibiotic Flavone Glycoside Chemically Defends the Sea Grass Thalassia testudinumagainst Zoosporic Fungi

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.64.4.1490-1496.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 1490-1496 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

P. R. Jensen ◽

K. M. Jenkins ◽

D. Porter ◽

W. Fenical

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Chemical Fractionation ◽

Tissue Concentrations ◽

Flavone Glycoside ◽

Sea Grass ◽

Zoosporic Fungi ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Marine Angiosperm

ABSTRACT Significantly fewer thraustochytrid protists (zoosporic fungi) were observed in association with healthy leaf tissue of the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum than in association with sterilized samples that were returned to the collection site for 48 h. In support of the hypothesis that sea grass secondary metabolites were responsible for these differences, extracts of healthyT. testudinum leaf tissues inhibited the growth of the co-occurring thraustochytrid Schizochytrium aggregatum and deterred the attachment of S. aggregatum motile zoospores to an extract-impregnated substrate. By using S. aggregatumfor bioassay-guided chemical fractionation, a new flavone glycoside was isolated and structurally characterized as luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2"-sulfate. Whole-leaf tissue concentrations of this metabolite (4 mg/ml of wet leaf tissue) inhibited S. aggregatum attachment, and a significantly lower concentration (270 μg/ml) reduced thraustochytrid growth by 50%, suggesting that natural concentrations are at least 15 times greater than that needed for significant microbiological effects. These results offer the first complete chemical characterization of a sea grass sulfated flavone glycoside and provide evidence that a secondary metabolite chemically defends T. testudinum against fouling microorganisms.

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Phenolic Deposits and Kranz Syndrome in Leaf Tissues of Spotted (Euphorbia maculata) and Prostrate (Euphorbia supina) Spurge

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500068685 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 131-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. Dennis Elmore ◽

Rex N. Paul

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Bundle Sheath ◽

Fixation Technique ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Kranz Anatomy ◽

Bundle Sheath Cells ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Sheath Cells

Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculataL.) and prostrate spurge (E. supinaRaf.), both in subgenusChamesyce,were examined by light and electron microscopy using a caffeine - fixation technique to sequester the phenolic pools intercellularly. Both species have typical dicotyledon-type Kranz anatomy. Sequestered phenolic pools were located in vacuoles in epidermal and mesophyll cells. Only in spotted spurge, however, were additional phenolic pools formed in bundle - sheath cells. This study was undertaken because allelopathy has been demonstrated in prostrate spurge and because phenolic compounds have been implicated in allelopathy. These results would indicate that spotted spurge should also be allelopathic.

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