scholarly journals Highly Effective Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Fabrication and Applications in Inhibition of Coal Combustion

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liancong Wang ◽  
Benjamin Tawiah ◽  
Yongqian Shi ◽  
Suncheng Cai ◽  
Xiaohui Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Phosphinic Acid ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Photoelectron Spectra ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Radical Trapping ◽  
Facile Fabrication ◽  
Fire Accidents

The extemporaneous combustion of coal remains a major threat to safety in coal mines because such fire accidents result in casualties and significant property loss, as well as serious environmental pollution. This work proposed the fabrication of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) containing expandable graphite as char expander/sealant with melamine phosphosphate and 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl)phosphinic acid as char inducer and radical trapping agents. The as-prepared RPUF successfully inhibited coal combustion by forming thermally stable high graphitic content expandable intumescent char sealing over the coal. The RPUF achieved UL-94 V-0 rating in addition to significant reductions in peak heat release, total heat release, and CO and CO2 yields. The external and the internal residual char structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectroscopy, and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectra techniques, and a flame-retardant mode of action has been proposed. This work provides important insight into a facile fabrication of highly efficient and economical flame-retardant RPUF to inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal.

scholarly journals Mechanically Sustainable Starch-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings on Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286
Author(s):  
Kyung-Who Choi ◽  
Jun-Woo Kim ◽  
Tae-Soon Kwon ◽  
Seok-Won Kang ◽  
Jung-Il Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

The use of halogen-based materials has been regulated since toxic substances are released during combustion. In this study, polyurethane foam was coated with cationic starch (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to develop an eco-friendly, high-performance flame-retardant coating agent. The thickness of the CS/MMT coating layer was confirmed to have increased uniformly as the layers were stacked. Likewise, a cone calorimetry test confirmed that the heat release rate and total heat release of the coated foam decreased by about 1/2, and a flame test showed improved fire retardancy based on the analysis of combustion speed, flame size, and residues of the LbL-coated foam. More importantly, an additional cone calorimeter test was performed after conducting more than 1000 compressions to assess the durability of the flame-retardant coating layer when applied in real life, confirming the durability of the LbL coating by the lasting flame retardancy.

A facile strategy to fabricate microencapsulated expandable graphite as a flame-retardant for rigid polyurethane foams

2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (31) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Liang Zhang ◽  
Hong-Ji Duan ◽  
Ding-Xiang Yan ◽  
Li-Quan Kang ◽  
Wei-Qin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Expandable Graphite For Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant of High-Density Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1323-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Shi ◽  
Zhong-Ming Li ◽  
Ming-Bo Yang ◽  
Bo Yin ◽  
Qiu-Ming Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
High Density ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Halogen Free

Expandable graphite encapsulated by magnesium hydroxide nanosheets as an intumescent flame retardant for rigid polyurethane foams

2018 ◽  
Vol 135 (39) ◽  
pp. 46749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yintao Wang ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Quanxiao Dong ◽  
Wenjing Yuan ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Aluminum hypophosphite in combination with expandable graphite as a novel flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1034-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyu Yang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Lei Song ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Yao Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Core-shell structure design of pulverized expandable graphite particles and their application in flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Ji Duan ◽  
Hai-Quan Kang ◽  
Wei-Qin Zhang ◽  
Xu Ji ◽  
Zhong-Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Shell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Graphite Particles ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Core Shell Structure

scholarly journals Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4963
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Phosphinic Acid ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Decomposition Stage ◽  
Multifilament Yarns ◽  
Fabric Structures

Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns and fabric structures containing different industrial lignins (i.e., lignosulfonate lignin (LL), and Kraft lignin (KL)) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP). The combination of ZnP and lignin (KL or LL) at different weight ratios were used to prepare flame retarded PA11 blends by melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. These blends were transformed into continuous multifilament yarns by the melt-spinning process even at a high concentration of additives as 20 wt%. The mechanical test results showed that the combination of KL and ZnP achieved higher strength and filaments showed regularity in structure as compared to the LL and ZnP filaments. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed the incorporation of lignin induces the initial decomposition (T5%) at a lower temperature; at the same time, maximum decomposition (Tmax) shifts to a higher temperature region and a higher amount of char residue is reported at the end of the test. Further, the TGA-FTIR study revealed that the ternary blends (i.e., the combination of LL or KL, ZnP, and PA11) released mainly the phosphinate compound, hydrocarbon species, and a small amount of phosphinic acid during the initial decomposition stage (T5%), while hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and phenolic compounds along with CO2 are released during main decomposition stage (Tmax). The analysis of decomposition products suggests the stronger bonds formation in the condensed phase and the obtainment of a stable char layer. Cone calorimetry exploited to study the fire behavior on sheet samples (polymer bulk) showed an improvement in flame retardant properties with increasing lignin content in blends and most enhanced results were found when 10 wt% of LL and ZnP were combined such as a reduction in heat release rate (HRR) up to 64% and total heat release (THR) up to 22%. Besides, tests carried out on knitted fabric structure showed less influence on HRR and THR but the noticeable effect on postponing the time to ignition (TTI) and reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) value during combustion.

Preparation and Characterization of Excellent Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 1563-1566
Author(s):  
An Zhen Zhang ◽  
Yi He Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Dimethyl Methylphosphonate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Flame Retarded

Rigid polyurethane foams were excellent thermal insulation materials with widely used, which was highly flammable at the same time. In order to obtain safe application, flame retarded polyurethane foams were needed. In this paper, series flame retarded rigid polyurethane foams were prepared with loading different flame retardants such as ammonium polyphosphate, expandable graphite, red phosphorus, Tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and dimethyl methylphosphonate. The effects of flame retardants on the foaming-process and flame retardant property of the rigid polyurethane foams were investigated by otary viscometer and limiting oxygen index. The results showed that the combination of solid and liquid flame retardants was necessary to improve the flame retardant and different flame retardants played synergistic roles in rigid polyurethane foams. The limiting oxygen indexes of the foams could be up to 30wt% and 29.6% with 25wt% solid flame retardants and 10wt% liquid retardants, respectively.

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