Preparation and Mechanism of Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric with Phosphoramidate Siloxane Polymer through Multistep Coating

To improve the water solubility of phosphoramidate siloxane and decrease the amount of flame-retardant additives used in the functional coating for cotton fabrics, a water-soluble phosphoramidate siloxane polymer (PDTSP) was synthesized by sol-gel technology and flame-retardant cotton fabrics were prepared with a multistep coating process. A vertical flammability test, limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry were performed to investigate the thermal behavior and flame retardancy of PDTSP-coated fabrics. The coated cotton fabrics and their char residues after combustion were studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All results presented that PDTSP-coated cotton fabrics had good flame retardancy and char-forming properties. PDTSP coating was demonstrated to posess gas-phase flame-retardant mechanism as well as a condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism, which can be confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and cone calorimetry test. Also, the preparation process had little effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics, although the air permeability and whiteness had a slight decrease. After different washing cycles, the coated samples still maintained good char-forming properties.

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Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517516652349 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 87 (11) ◽

pp. 1367-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chaohong Dong ◽

Zhou Lu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Ping Zhu ◽

Xuechao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Untreated Cotton ◽

Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

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Synthesis of a Novel Linear α, ω-Di (Chloro Phosphoramide) Polydimethylsiloxane and Its Applications in Improving Flame-Retardant and Water-Repellent Properties of Cotton Fabrics

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11111829 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1829 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chaohong Dong ◽

Ling Sun ◽

Xingbo Ma ◽

Zhou Lu ◽

Pengshuang He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Free Water ◽

Water Repellency ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Water Repellent ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Washing Durability ◽

Char Length

A novel linear α, ω-di (chloro phosphoramide)-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (CPN-PDMS) was successfully synthesized and utilized as a formaldehyde-free water-repellent and flame-retardant for cotton fabrics. The flame retardancy of treated cotton fabrics was estimated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical flammability test, and cone calorimetry test. The cotton fabrics treated with 350 g/L CPN-PDMS obtained excellent flame retardancy with an LOI value of 30.6% and the char length was only 4.3 cm. Combustion residues were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. Results show that CPN-PDMS can effectively enhance water repellency and fire resistance of cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the breaking strength test and the whiteness test strongly prove that the tensile strength and whiteness of the treated cotton fabrics were slightly lower than that of the pure cotton fabrics. The wash stability test showed that after 30 laundering cycles, the treated cotton fabrics still had an LOI value of 28.5% and a water-repellent effect of grade 80, indicating that CPN-PDMS was an excellent washing durability additive. In summary, these property enhancements of treated cotton fabrics were attributed to the synergistic effect of silicon-phosphorus-nitrogen elements in CPN-PDMS.

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Enhancement of flame retardancy of cotton fabrics by grafting a novel organic phosphorous-based flame retardant

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-015-0641-z ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2787-2796 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Wei-Wei Gao ◽

Guang-Xian Zhang ◽

Feng-Xiu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Cotton Fabrics

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Layer-by-layer Assembly Polyethylenimine/phytic Acid Coating With Gradient Structure for High-Efficiency and Durable Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric With Good Physical and Mechanical Properties

10.21203/rs.3.rs-697928/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xinhua Liu ◽

Hailong Liu ◽

Yinchun Fang

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Gradient Structure ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Assembly Method ◽

Lbl Assembly ◽

Coated Cotton

Abstract In this study, intumescent flame retardant coating of polyethylenimine/phytic acid (PEI/PA) with gradient structure was constructed on cotton fabric through facile layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method. The LOI value of coated cotton fabric reached over 40% indicating excellent flame retardancy. Reasonable controlling the LBL assembly process of PEI/PA coating brought less influence to the physical properties of cotton fabrics. And the coated cotton fabric revealed good flame retardant washing durability. Thermogravimetric analysis results of coated cotton fabrics showed that PEI/PA flame retardant coating changed the thermal decomposition process and promoted char formation revealing the obviously condensed phase flame retardant action. SEM images of char residues revealed that PEI/PA flame retardant coating promoted to form the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) char layer showing obvious IFR action. This research provides novel strategy for the development of high-efficiency flame retardant cotton fabric with good durability and physical properties using simple LBL assembly method.

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A synergistic flame retardant of glycosyl cross-linking boron acid and ammonium salt of phytic acid to enhance durable flame retardancy of cotton fabrics

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-020-03417-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (16) ◽

pp. 9699-9710

Author(s):

Wenju Zhu ◽

Shuaishuai Hao ◽

Mingyang Yang ◽

Bowen Cheng ◽

Jimei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Phytic Acid ◽

Ammonium Salt ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Boron Acid ◽

Synergistic Flame Retardant

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Flame retardancy and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam conjugated with a phosphorus–nitrogen halogen-free intumescent flame retardant

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/0734904119890685 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 235-252

Author(s):

Zhaojun Lin ◽

Qianqiong Zhao ◽

Ruilan Fan ◽

Xiaoxue Yuan ◽

Fuli Tian

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Carbon Layer ◽

Limited Oxygen Index ◽

Halogen Free ◽

Limited Oxygen

In this work, a halogen-free intumescent combining phosphorus and nitrogen, flame-retardant 2-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAPO) was successfully synthesized. It had been synthesized by reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3, 2-dioxphosphinane 2-oxide with Schiff base. Its chemical structure was characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectrum. The flame-retardant polyurethanes were prepared with different loadings of HAPO. The thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the pure polyurethane foam thermosets were investigated by a series of measurements involving thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index measurement, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results of the aforementioned tests indicated that HAPO can significantly improve the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of polyurethane foam. Compared with the PU-Neat, the limited oxygen index of flame-retardant polyurethanes (15%) thermoset was increased from 19.5% to 23.8% and its UL-94 reached V-0 rating. In addition, the cone test results showed that the heat release rate, total heat release, rate of smoke release, and total smoke production of flame-retardant polyurethanes (10%) were decreased obvious sly. The apparent morphology of carbon residue was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and results revealed that the modified polyurethane foam can form dense carbon layer after combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis results also indicated that the char amount of flame-retardant polyurethanes was obviously increased compared with PU-Neat. Based on the above analysis, we can draw the conclusions which in the condensed phase, phosphorus-based acids from the degradation of HAPO, this could promote the formation of continuous and dense phosphorus-rich carbon layer. In the gas phase, the flame-retardant mechanism was ascribed to the quenching effect of phosphorus-based radicals and diluting effect by non-flammable gases.

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Effects of Combining Graphene Nanoplatelet and Phosphorous Flame Retardant as Additives on Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Nanocomposite

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12102349 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2349

Author(s):

Woranan Netkueakul ◽

Beatrice Fischer ◽

Christian Walder ◽

Frank Nüesch ◽

Marcel Rees ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Crosslinking Density ◽

Milling Process ◽

Structure Property ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Graphene Nanoplatelet ◽

Phosphorous Flame Retardant

The effects of combining 0.1–5 wt % graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and 3–30 wt % phosphorous flame retardant, 9,10- dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as fillers in epoxy polymer on the mechanical, flame retardancy, and electrical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. GNP was homogeneously dispersed into the epoxy matrix using a solvent-free three-roll milling process, while DOPO was incorporated into the epoxy resin by mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. The incorporation of DOPO reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin. When using polyetheramine as a hardener, the structural rigidity effect of DOPO overshadowed the crosslinking effect and governed the flexural moduli of epoxy/DOPO resins. The flexural moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by adding GNP up to 5 wt % and DOPO up to 30 wt %, whereas the flexural strengths deteriorated when the GNP and DOPO loading were higher than 1 wt % and 10 wt %, respectively. Limited by the adverse effects on mechanical property, the loading combinations of GNP and DOPO within the range of 0–1 wt % and 0–10 wt %, respectively, in epoxy resin were further studied. Flame retardancy index (FRI), which depended on three parameters obtained from cone calorimetry, was considered to evaluate the flame retardancy of the epoxy composites. DOPO showed better performance than GNP as the flame retardant additive, while combining DOPO and GNP could further improve FRI to some extent. With the combination of 0.5 wt % GNP and 10 wt % DOPO, improvement in both mechanical properties and flame retardant efficiency of the nanocomposite was observed. Such a combination did not affect the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites since the percolation threshold was at 1.6 wt % GNP. Our results enhance the understanding of the structure–property relationship of additive-filled epoxy resin composites and serve as a property constraining guidance for the composite manufacturing.

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Preparation of a novel flame retardant containing triazine groups and its application on cotton fabrics

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c9nj06268h ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (18) ◽

pp. 7386-7394

Author(s):

Ling Sun ◽

Shihao Wang ◽

Jiaojiao Zhang ◽

Wennan Li ◽

Zhou Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Natural Cellulose

A novel triazine-based flame retardant capable of reacting with natural cellulose fiber was successfully synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics.

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