scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Linear α, ω-Di (Chloro Phosphoramide) Polydimethylsiloxane and Its Applications in Improving Flame-Retardant and Water-Repellent Properties of Cotton Fabrics

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
Ling Sun ◽  
Xingbo Ma ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Pengshuang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Washing Durability ◽  
Char Length

A novel linear α, ω-di (chloro phosphoramide)-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (CPN-PDMS) was successfully synthesized and utilized as a formaldehyde-free water-repellent and flame-retardant for cotton fabrics. The flame retardancy of treated cotton fabrics was estimated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical flammability test, and cone calorimetry test. The cotton fabrics treated with 350 g/L CPN-PDMS obtained excellent flame retardancy with an LOI value of 30.6% and the char length was only 4.3 cm. Combustion residues were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. Results show that CPN-PDMS can effectively enhance water repellency and fire resistance of cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the breaking strength test and the whiteness test strongly prove that the tensile strength and whiteness of the treated cotton fabrics were slightly lower than that of the pure cotton fabrics. The wash stability test showed that after 30 laundering cycles, the treated cotton fabrics still had an LOI value of 28.5% and a water-repellent effect of grade 80, indicating that CPN-PDMS was an excellent washing durability additive. In summary, these property enhancements of treated cotton fabrics were attributed to the synergistic effect of silicon-phosphorus-nitrogen elements in CPN-PDMS.

Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Xuechao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

scholarly journals Preparation and Mechanism of Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric with Phosphoramidate Siloxane Polymer through Multistep Coating

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538
Author(s):  
Denghui Xu ◽  
Shijie Wang ◽  
Yimin Wang ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Siloxane Polymer ◽  
Coated Cotton

To improve the water solubility of phosphoramidate siloxane and decrease the amount of flame-retardant additives used in the functional coating for cotton fabrics, a water-soluble phosphoramidate siloxane polymer (PDTSP) was synthesized by sol-gel technology and flame-retardant cotton fabrics were prepared with a multistep coating process. A vertical flammability test, limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry were performed to investigate the thermal behavior and flame retardancy of PDTSP-coated fabrics. The coated cotton fabrics and their char residues after combustion were studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All results presented that PDTSP-coated cotton fabrics had good flame retardancy and char-forming properties. PDTSP coating was demonstrated to posess gas-phase flame-retardant mechanism as well as a condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism, which can be confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and cone calorimetry test. Also, the preparation process had little effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics, although the air permeability and whiteness had a slight decrease. After different washing cycles, the coated samples still maintained good char-forming properties.

scholarly journals Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Seidi ◽  
Elnaz Movahedifar ◽  
Ghasem Naderi ◽  
Vahideh Akbari ◽  
Franck Ducos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pp Composites ◽  
Calorimetry Data

Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a phosphoramidate flame retardant and its flame retardancy on cotton fabrics

e-Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 550-560
Author(s):  
Huaifang Wang ◽  
Yingli Cai ◽  
Zhiming Jiang ◽  
Shengnan Guo ◽  
Ping Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Flammability Test ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Butanetetracarboxylic Acid

AbstractA phosphoramidate flame retardant (dimethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyletheyl)phosphoramidate, DMBHP) was synthesized and applied to cotton fabrics for enhancing the flame retardancy. The structure of DMBHP was characterized by FT-IR and NMR. The flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated using the vertical flammability test (VFT), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and the cone calorimetric test. Moreover, to further analyze the flame retardant action of DMBHP in cotton fabrics, thermal degradability of the treated fabrics, as well as the chemical structure, surface morphology, and element contents of the char residue of the DMBHP-treated fabrics were also evaluated. The results show that, after treating with DMBHP, the cotton fabrics acquired a LOI value from 18.1 to 31.1 with the concentration increasing to 30% and self-extinguished in VFT tests when treated with up to 15% DMBHP. Besides, the total heat release and the peak heat release rate of DMBHP (30%)-treated fabric decreased obviously compared with the pure cotton along with more residue retained. TG, SEM, and EDS results of treated cotton fabric and the corresponding residue after burning showed that DMBHP has the capability of enhancing char formation. In addition, DMBHP will confer cotton fabrics a certain durability against washing with the help of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA).

Investigation of nickel ammonia phosphate with different morphologies as a new high-efficiency flame retardant for epoxy resin

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Hongjuan Wu ◽  
Weihua Meng ◽  
Jiahe Li ◽  
Yumeng Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Matrix

Nanowires, nanosheets, and microflowers of nickel ammonium phosphate (NiNH4PO4·H2O) were synthesized by a mixed solvothermal method and used to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). The solvent concentration and surfactant content were found to play a key role in nucleation and growth of NiNH4PO4·H2O. The structure of NiNH4PO4·H2O was characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The flame retardancy, thermostability, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy mechanism of EP/NiNH4PO4·H2O composites were analyzed using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry (Cone), mechanical property tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that NiNH4PO4·H2O has proper thermal stability and greatly improves the flame retardancy of EP. The nanosheets outperformed the other morphologies; the EP/5% NiNH4PO4·H2O nanosheets have an LOI of 35.2%, which exceeds that of pure EP (24.7%). Furthermore, Cone showed that these nanosheets have the lowest peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate, which are 69.1% and 36.5% lower than those of pure EP, respectively. NiNH4PO4·H2O can promote the formation of a stable char layer and release nonflammable gases, thus protecting the matrix by preventing heat and oxygen transfer and reducing the concentration of combustible gas. NiNH4PO4·H2O is expected to serve as a new high-efficiency flame retardant for EP.

scholarly journals Flame resistant cellulosic substrate using banana pseudostem sap

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Basak ◽  
Kartick. K. Samanta ◽  
S. Saxena ◽  
S.K. Chattopadhyay ◽  
R. Narkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Propagation Rate ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Flammability Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

Abstract Flame retardancy was imparted in cellulosic cotton textile using banana pseudostem sap (BPS), an eco-friendly natural product. The extracted sap was made alkaline and applied in pre-mordanted bleached and mercerized cotton fabrics. Flame retardant properties of both the control and the treated fabrics were analysed in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal and vertical flammability. Fabrics treated with the non-diluted BPS were found to have good flame retardant property with LOI of 30 compared to the control fabric with LOI of 18, i.e., an increase of 1.6 times. In the vertical flammability test, the BPS treated fabric showed flame for a few seconds and then, got extinguished. In the horizontal flammability test, the treated fabric showed no flame, but was burning only with an afterglow with a propagation rate of 7.5 mm/min, which was almost 10 times lower than that noted with the control fabric. The thermal degradation and the pyrolysis of the fabric samples were studied using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the chemical composition by FTIR, SEM and EDX, besides the pure BPS being characterized by EDX and mass spectroscopy. The fabric after the treatment was found to produce stable natural khaki colour, and there was no significant degradation in mechanical strengths. Based on the results, the mechanism of imparting flame retardancy to cellulosic textile and the formation of natural colour on it using the proposed BPS treatment have been postulated.

scholarly journals Fabrication of C6-Fluorocarbon-Dendrimer Based Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabrics for Multifunctional Aspects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal ◽  
Joykrisna Saha
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Oil Water Separation ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Fabric Surface

Abstract C6-Fluorocarbon (FC)-dendrimer has been applied on cotton knit fabric for developing water repellent, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, acid-resistant, antibacterial, UV resistant and flame retardant property while maintaining acceptable levels of comfort for wearers. The C6-Fluorocarbon (FC)-dendrimer coated 100% cotton single jersey knitted fabric samples were prepared using “pad-dry-cure” method, and characterized and tested for comfort and other textile properties. The 90 g/L and 100 g/L FC-dendrimer treated cotton fabrics provided excellent water repellency, oil-water separation and self-cleaning performance. But air permeability and thermal conductivity were 13%, 15%, and 40%, 54% lower, respectively, than those of untreated fabrics. The presence of FC-dendrimer in the treated fabric was confirmed by FTIR, SEM, EDS and XRD analyses. SEM analysis was employed to study the morphology of deposited FC-dendrimer particles on the fabric surface. Thermal behaviors were evaluated by TGA and DTA. The FC-dendrimer-treated fabric also showed promise as a UV ray absorber, antimicrobial activity, acid resistance and flame retardant property. Overall, the result suggests that FC-dendrimer can be a valuable ingredient in the manufacture of multifunctional products.

Polysiloxane Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus and Nitrogen for Cotton Fabrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Dongdong Wei ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Phosphinic Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Char Length ◽  
C Nmr

Poly[tetra(tetramethylcyclosiloxyl-piperazin)-phosphinic acid methyl ether) (PNCTSi) was successfully synthesized, and its chemical structure was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The flammability and thermal decomposition behaviors of cotton fabrics treated with PNCTSi were systematically evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. As a result, the LOI value reached 30.1% and the char length decreased to 10.3 cm when cotton fabrics were treated in 300 g/L of PNCTSi solution for 30 min. According to TGA results, the residual rate of treated cotton fabrics at 800 °C increased to 16.4%. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and CO2/CO ratio significantly decreased.

Enhancement of flame retardancy of cotton fabrics by grafting a novel organic phosphorous-based flame retardant

Cellulose ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2787-2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Wei Gao ◽  
Guang-Xian Zhang ◽  
Feng-Xiu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics

Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Teli ◽  
Pintu Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

As far as the value addition of textile is concerned, flame retardancy of textile materials is considered to be one of the most important properties in textile finishing by both industries as well as academic researchers. Flame-retardant property with thermal stability was imparted to cotton by using green coconut ( Cocos nucifera Linn) shell extract, a natural waste source of coconut. Coconut shell extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and its phytochemical analysis was also carried out. The coconut shell extract (acidic after extraction) was applied in three different pH (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) conditions to the cotton fabric. Flame-retardant properties of the untreated and the treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by limiting oxygen index and vertical flammability. The study showed that all the treated fabrics had good flame resistance property compared to that of the untreated fabric. The limiting oxygen index value was found to increase by 72.2% after application of the coconut shell extract from alkaline pH. Pyrolysis and char formation behavior of the concerned fabrics were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and coconut shell extract treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, treated cotton fabric showed natural brown color and antibacterial property against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The durability of the flame-retardant functionality to washing with soap solution has also been studied and reported in this paper.

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