scholarly journals A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2446
Author(s):  
Shang-Hao Liu ◽  
Ming-Yuan Shen ◽  
Cheng-You Yang ◽  
Chin-Lung Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Fish scales (FSs) are fishery wastes that can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to solve this environmental problem. FSs were used as a flame retardant for polymer materials, making them valuable. Fish scales were combined with a commercial flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), through synergistic effects to reduce the amount of commercial flame retardant. The use of FSs conforms to the concept of a circular economy and lowers costs by reducing the consumption of APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal properties, flame retardant properties, flame retardant mechanism, char morphology, and composition of the composites. The TGA results indicated that the addition of 40% flame retardant raised the char residue from 16.45 wt.% (pure EP) to 36.07 wt.%; IPDT from 685.6 °C (pure EP) to 1143.1°C; LOI from 21% (pure EP) to 30%; and UL94 classification from fail (pure EP) to V-0. These results suggest an increase in char residue, which indicates better protection of the polymer matrix material. The improvements in IPDT, LOI, and UL94 classification, which indicate greater thermal stability, lower flammability (from flammable to fireproof), and higher flammability rating (from fail to V-0), respectively, suggest that the composite material has favorable thermal properties and is less inflammable.

scholarly journals A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-Hao Liu ◽  
Ming-Yuan Shen ◽  
Cheng-You Yang ◽  
Chin-Lung Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

In this study, a composite flame retardant was created by combining fish scale (FS), fishery waste, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a commercially available flame retardant. The composite flame retardant was added to epoxy resin (EP) to form an EP/APP/FS composite that prevents burns and is environmentally friendly. The use of FS conforms to the concept of circular economy and lowers costs by reducing the consumption of APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal properties, flame retardant properties, flame retardant mechanism, char morphology, and composition of the composites. The TGA results indicated that the addition of 40% flame retardant raised the char residue from 16.45 wt% (pure EP) to 36.07 wt%, IPDT from 685.6 °C (pure EP) to 1143.1°C, LOI from 21% (pure EP) to 30%, and UL94 classification from fail (pure EP) to V-0. These results suggest an increase in char residue, which indicates better protection of the polymer matrix material. The improvements in IPDT, LOI, and UL94 classification, which indicate greater thermal stability, lower flammability (from flammable to fireproof), and higher flammability rating (from fail to V-0), respectively, suggest that the composite material has favorable thermal properties and is less inflammable.

scholarly journals The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sun ◽  
Yazhen Wang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Tianyuan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effects of Black Phosphorus/Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Enhancing the Flame-Retardant Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihao Yin ◽  
Xinlin Ren ◽  
Peichao Lian ◽  
Yuanzhi Zhu ◽  
Yi Mei
Keyword(s):  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Hexagonal Boron Nitride ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polyurethane Composite ◽  
Black Phosphorene

We applied black phosphorene (BP) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as flame retardants to waterborne polyurethane to fabricate a novel black phosphorus/boron nitride/waterborne polyurethane composite material. The results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index of the flame-retarded waterborne polyurethane composite increased from 21.7% for pure waterborne polyurethane to 33.8%. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the waterborne polyurethane composite were significantly reduced by 50.94% and 23.92%, respectively, at a flame-retardant content of only 0.4 wt%. The superior refractory performances of waterborne polyurethane composite are attributed to the synergistic effect of BP and BN in the gas phase and condensed phase. This study shows that black phosphorus-based nanocomposites have great potential to improve the fire resistance of polymers.

Study of a novel co-rotating non-twin screw extruder in processing flame retardant polymer materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 827-835
Author(s):  
Song Zhao ◽  
Baiping Xu ◽  
Liang He ◽  
Huiwen Yu ◽  
Shouzai Tan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Twin Screw Extruder ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Halogen Free

Abstract A thorough study was carried out to investigate the priority of a novel co-rotating non-twin screw extruder (NTSE) over a traditional twin screw extruder (TSE) in the mixing process of halogen-free intumescent flame-retardant acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites. The homogeneity of the flame-retardant additives of the composites processed by NTSE and TSE under the same operating conditions was characterized by using mechanical performance properties, limiting oxygen index values, UL-94 tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. All the results suggested that NTSE could achieve better mixing of the flame-retardant additives in the polymer matrix than TSE, which was further clarified by the scanning electron microscope pictures.

Study on the Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Phosphorus-Nitrogen Containing Intumescent Flame Retardant

2011 ◽  
Vol 399-401 ◽  
pp. 1376-1380
Author(s):  
Li Hua You ◽  
Yin Yin Hui ◽  
Xiang Ning Shi ◽  
Zhi Han Peng
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Phosphinic Acid ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

In this study, a novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant (P-N IFR) poly(melamine 2-carboxyethyl(phenyl) phosphate)(PMCEP) was prepared via the reaction of 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl) phosphinic acid (CEPPA) and melamine (MEL) in two-steps. Meanwhile, the molecular structure of the chemical compound was determined by FTIR,1H-NMR and elemental analysis; and the thermal properties was investigated by means of TGA. Combustion studies revealed high limiting oxygen index (LOI) indicative of better flame-retardancy properties for PBT resin.

Synthesis of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Oligomer and its Application in ABS Copolymer

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Xiao Ping Hu ◽  
Yu Yang Guo ◽  
Quan Min Xu ◽  
Hui Min Heng ◽  
Liang Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Combustion Behaviors ◽  
High Initial Temperature

A novel intumescent flame retardant oligomer containing phosphorous-nitrogen structure (PSPTR) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The thermal behavior of PSPTR was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA data shows that PSPTR has a high initial temperature of thermal degradation and a high char residue of 41.18wt% at 700 . A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, which is composed of PSPTR and novolac phenol (NP), was used to impart flame retardancy of ABS. The combustion behaviors of the ABS/IFR composites were investigated by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. When the content of IFR (PSPTR:NP=1:1 mass ratio) is 30 wt%, the LOI value of ABS/IFR reaches 28.2, and the vertical burning test reaches UL-94 V-1 rating.

Flame Retardant Polyethylene with Intumescent System Containing Macromolecule-Encapsulated Low Molecular Weight Charring Agent

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meifang Liu ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Charring Agent ◽  
Optimum Formula ◽  
Intumescent System

Intumescent flame retardants are important halogen-free products used in polyethylene. However, their thermal stability and water-resistance are major shortcomings. In this work, a composite charring agent, pentaerythritol (PER) encapsulated by thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used in an intumescent system to improve the flame retardancy of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The encapsulation of macromolecular charring agent TPU can effectively suppress the esterification reaction of PER and acid source in the intumescent system during processing. It can also remarkably decrease the water absorption, thus producing flame retardant HDPE with high performance. The synergistic effects of other common flame retardants including melamine phosphate, melamine polyphosphate and ammonium polyphosphate with TPU-encapsulated PER, as well as the ratio of charring agent to acid source were investigated so as to determine the optimum formula for use in HDPE. The flame retardant HDPE can reach limiting oxygen index of 33 and achieve UL-94 V-0 rating at 3.2 mm thickness when the ratio of MP/composite charring agent is 2:1 w/w.

Synergistic Effects of a Red Phosphorus Master Batch on a Modified Intumescent Flame Retardant ABS Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 599-601 ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
Pei Bang Dai ◽  
Yue Qun Lu ◽  
Li Li Fan ◽  
Yu Ru He
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Master Batch

The effects of a red phosphorus master batch (RPMB) on a modified intumescent flame retardant (MIFR) ABS composite system (ABS-MIFR) were investigated in this study. The Underwriter's Laboratory Bulletin 94 (UL-94) flame retardancy rating clearly revealed the synergistic interactions of RPMB and MIFR. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to evaluate the thermal decomposition of these flame retardant composite systems. The results show that adding RPMB increased the char residue formation and the thermal stability of ABS-MIFR at high temperature.

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