scholarly journals Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Marcin Zemła ◽  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
Sławomir Michałowski
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermal Conductivity Coefficient ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Triethyl Phosphate ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical–mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.

scholarly journals Vegetable Fillers and Rapeseed Oil-Based Polyol as Natural Raw Materials for the Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1772
Author(s):  
Milena Leszczyńska ◽  
Elżbieta Malewska ◽  
Joanna Ryszkowska ◽  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Michał Gloc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Reported Study

The reported study concerns the introduction of renewable raw materials into the formulation of rigid polyurethane foams in the quest for the sustainable development of polymer composites. In this study, rigid polyurethane foam composites were prepared using 75 wt.% of rapeseed oil-based polyol and 15 parts per hundred parts of polyol (php) of natural fillers such as chokeberry pomace, raspberry seeds, as well as hazelnut and walnut shells. The influence of the used raw materials on the foaming process, structure, and properties of foams was investigated using a FOAMAT analyzer and a wide selection of characterization techniques. The introduction of renewable raw materials limited reactivity of the system, which reduced maximum temperature of the foaming process. Moreover, foams prepared using renewable raw materials were characterized by a more regular cell structure, a higher share of closed cells, lower apparent density, lower compressive strength and glass transition temperature, low friability (<2%), low water absorption (<1%), high dimensional stability (<±0.5%) and increased thermal stability. The proper selection and preparation of the renewable raw materials and the rational development of the polyurethane recipe composition allow for the preparation of environmentally-friendly foam products with beneficial application properties considering the demands of the circular economy in the synthesis of rigid foams.

Preparation and Characterization of Excellent Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 1563-1566
Author(s):  
An Zhen Zhang ◽  
Yi He Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Dimethyl Methylphosphonate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Flame Retarded

Rigid polyurethane foams were excellent thermal insulation materials with widely used, which was highly flammable at the same time. In order to obtain safe application, flame retarded polyurethane foams were needed. In this paper, series flame retarded rigid polyurethane foams were prepared with loading different flame retardants such as ammonium polyphosphate, expandable graphite, red phosphorus, Tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and dimethyl methylphosphonate. The effects of flame retardants on the foaming-process and flame retardant property of the rigid polyurethane foams were investigated by otary viscometer and limiting oxygen index. The results showed that the combination of solid and liquid flame retardants was necessary to improve the flame retardant and different flame retardants played synergistic roles in rigid polyurethane foams. The limiting oxygen indexes of the foams could be up to 30wt% and 29.6% with 25wt% solid flame retardants and 10wt% liquid retardants, respectively.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of “Green Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams” with Reduced Flammability

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Hynek Beneš ◽  
Kamila Sałasińska ◽  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
Elżbieta Malewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Triethyl Phosphate ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

This work presents the cell structure and selected properties of polyurethane (PUR) foams, based on two types of hydroxylated used cooking oil and additionally modified with three different flame retardants. Bio-polyols from municipal waste oil with different chemical structures were obtained by transesterification with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). Next, these bio-polyols were used to prepare open-cell polyurethane foams of very low apparent densities for thermal insulation applications. In order to obtain foams with reduced flammability, the PUR systems were modified with different amounts (10–30 parts per hundred polyol by weight—php) of flame retardants: TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate), TEP (triethyl phosphate), and DMPP (dimethyl propylphosphonate). The flame retardants caused a decrease of the PUR formulations reactivity. The apparent densities of all the foams were comparable in the range 12–15 kg/m3. The lowest coefficients of thermal conductivity were measured for the open-cell PUR foams modified with DMPP. The lowest values of heat release rate were found for the foams based on the UCO_TEA and UCO_DEG bio-polyols that were modified with 30 php of DMPP.

Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Oil-based Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Phosphaphenanthrene Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 760-771
Author(s):  
Qirui Gong ◽  
Niangui Wang ◽  
Kaibo Zhang ◽  
Shizhao Huang ◽  
Yuhan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Degradation Activation Energy ◽  
Ft Ir

A phosphaphenanthrene groups containing soybean oil based polyol (DSBP) was synthesized by epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Soybean oil based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized by ESO and H2O. The chemical structure of DSBP and HSBP were characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR. The corresponding rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared by mixing DSBP with HSBP. The results revealed apparent density and compression strength of RPUFs decreased with increasing the DSBP content. The cell structure of RPUFs was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which displayed the cells as spherical or polyhedral. The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL 94 vertical burning test. The degradation activation energy (Ea) of first degradation stage reduced from 80.05 kJ/mol to 37.84 kJ/mol with 80 wt% DSBP. The RUPF with 80 wt% DSBP achieved UL94 V-0 rating and LOI 28.3. The results showed that the flame retardant effect was mainly in both gas phase and condensed phase.

Bio-based Polyurethane-clay Nanocomposite Foams: Systheses and Properties

2009 ◽  
Vol 1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Zoran S. Petrovic ◽  
Yijin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Modified Clay ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Nanocomposite Foams ◽  
Organically Modified

AbstractStarting from a bio-based polyol through modification of soybean oil, BIOH™ X-210, two series of bio-based polyurethanes-clay nanocomposite foams have been prepared. The effects of organically-modified clay types and loadings on foam morphology, cell structure, and the mechanical and thermal properties of these bio-based polyurethanes-clay nanocomposite foams have been studied with optical microscopy, compression test, thermal conductivity, DMA and TGA characterization. Density of nanocomposite foams decreases with the increase of clay loadings, while reduced 10% compressive stress and yield stress keep constant up to 2.5% clay loading in polyol. The friability of rigid polyurethane-clay nanocomposite foams is high than that of foam without clay, and the friability for nanofoams from Cloisite® 10A is higher than that from 30B at the same clay loadings. The incorporation of clay nanoplatelets decreases the cell size in nanocomposite foams, meanwhile increases the cell density; which would be helpful in terms of improving thermal insulation properties. All the nanocomposite foams were characterized by increased closed cell content compared with the control foam from X-210 without clay, suggesting the potential to improve thermal insulation of rigid polyurethane foams by utilizing organically modified clay. Incorporation of clay into rigid polyurethane foams results in the increase in glass transition temperature: the Tg increased from 186 to 197 to 204 °C when 30B concentration in X-210 increased from 0 to 0.5 to 2.5%, respectively. Even though the thermal conductivity of nanocomposite foams from 30B is lower than or equal to that of rigid polyurethane control foam from X-210, thermal conductivity of nanocomposite foams from 10A is higher than that of control at all 10A concentrations. The reason for this abnormal phenomenon is not clear at this moment; investigation on this is on progress.

Synergistic effect of carbon and phosphorus flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foams

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yu Chen ◽  
Zong-Hou Huang ◽  
Xiu-Qi Xi ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Xin-Yu Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams

scholarly journals Influence of the Characteristics of Expandable Graphite on the Morphology, Thermal Properties, Fire Behaviour and Compression Performance of a Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Acuña ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Mercedes Santiago-Calvo ◽  
Fernando Villafañe ◽  
Miguel Rodríguez-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Compression Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

Three types of expandable graphite (EG) differing in particle size and expansion volume, are compared as flame retardant additives to rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). In this paper we discuss microstructure, thermal stability, fire behavior, and compression performance. We find that ell size distributions were less homogeneous and cell size was reduced. Furthermore, thermal conductivity increased along with EG loading. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that EG only increased residue yield differently. The results indicate that a higher expansion of EG increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, whereas a bigger particle size EG improved the rating of the vertical burning test (UL94). Results from the cone calorimeter test showed that a bigger particle size EG effectively reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR). Furthermore, a higher expansion, led to a decrease in smoke production (TSP). The combination of both characteristics gives extraordinary results. The physical–mechanical characterization of the EG/RPUF foams revealed that their compression performance decreased slightly, mostly due to the effect of a bigger size EG.

Cooperative effect of rapeseed oil-based polyol and egg shells on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane foams

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 106696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Leszczyńska ◽  
Joanna Ryszkowska ◽  
Leonard Szczepkowski ◽  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Cooperative Effect ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Egg Shells
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