Development and Characterization of “Green Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams” with Reduced Flammability

This work presents the cell structure and selected properties of polyurethane (PUR) foams, based on two types of hydroxylated used cooking oil and additionally modified with three different flame retardants. Bio-polyols from municipal waste oil with different chemical structures were obtained by transesterification with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). Next, these bio-polyols were used to prepare open-cell polyurethane foams of very low apparent densities for thermal insulation applications. In order to obtain foams with reduced flammability, the PUR systems were modified with different amounts (10–30 parts per hundred polyol by weight—php) of flame retardants: TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate), TEP (triethyl phosphate), and DMPP (dimethyl propylphosphonate). The flame retardants caused a decrease of the PUR formulations reactivity. The apparent densities of all the foams were comparable in the range 12–15 kg/m3. The lowest coefficients of thermal conductivity were measured for the open-cell PUR foams modified with DMPP. The lowest values of heat release rate were found for the foams based on the UCO_TEA and UCO_DEG bio-polyols that were modified with 30 php of DMPP.

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Open-cell polyurethane foams based on modified used cooking oil

Polimery ◽

10.14314/polimery.2020.3.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (03) ◽

pp. 216-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maria Kuranska ◽

Krzysztof Polaczek ◽

Monika Auguscik-Krolikowska ◽

Aleksander Prociak ◽

Joanna Ryszkowska

Keyword(s):

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Open Cell ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

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Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym14010102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Marcin Zemła ◽

Aleksander Prociak ◽

Sławomir Michałowski

Keyword(s):

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Thermal Conductivity Coefficient ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Triethyl Phosphate ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽

Foaming Process ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test

Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical–mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.

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Thermal Insulation and Sound Absorption Properties of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams Modified with Bio-Polyol Based on Used Cooking Oil

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245673 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5673

Author(s):

Maria Kurańska ◽

Roman Barczewski ◽

Mateusz Barczewski ◽

Aleksander Prociak ◽

Krzysztof Polaczek

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Thermal Insulation ◽

Sound Absorption ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Absorption Properties ◽

Open Cell ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Standing Wave Method

The main goal of this work was to evaluate the thermal insulation and sound absorption properties of open-cell rigid polyurethane foams synthesized with different contents of cooking oil-based polyol. The content of the applied bio-polyol as well as flame retardant (triethyl phosphate) in the foam formulation had a significant influence on the cellular structures of the materials. The open-cell polyurethane foams were characterized by apparent densities in the range 16–30 kg/m3. The sound absorption coefficients of the polyurethanes with various contents of bio-polyol were determined using the standing wave method (Kundt’s tube) in the frequency range of 100–6300 Hz. The effect of the content of the bio-polyol and flame retardant on the coefficient of thermal conductivity (at average temperatures of 0, 10 and 20 °C) as well as the compressive strength (at 20 and −10 °C) was analyzed. Different trends were observed in terms of the thermal insulation properties and sound absorption ability of the open-cell polyurethanes due to the addition of bio-polyol. In conclusion, it is necessary to use systems containing both petrochemical and bio-based raw materials.

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Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12092068 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2068 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Kurańska ◽

Milena Leszczyńska ◽

Elżbieta Malewska ◽

Aleksander Prociak ◽

Joanna Ryszkowska

Keyword(s):

Diethylene Glycol ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Thermal Insulating ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Conductivity ◽

Main Strategy

The main strategy of the European Commission in the field of the building industry assumes a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by up to 20% by 2020 and by up to 80% by 2050. In order to meet these conditions, it is necessary to develop not only efficient thermal insulation materials, but also more environmentally friendly ones. This paper describes an experiment in which two types of bio-polyols were obtained using transesterification of used cooking oil with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). The bio-polyols were next used to prepare low-density rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. It was found that the bio-polyols increased the reactivity of the PUR systems, regardless of their chemical structures. The reactivity of the system modified with 60% of the diethylene glycol-based bio-polyol was higher than in the case of the reference system. The bio-foams exhibited apparent densities of 41–45 kg/m3, homogeneous cellular structures and advantageous values of the coefficient of thermal conductivity. It was observed that the higher functionality of bio-polyol UCO_TEA compared with UCO_DEG had a beneficial effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of the bio-foams. The most promising results were obtained in the case of the foams modified in 60% with the bio-polyol based on triethanoloamine. In conclusion, this approach, utilizing used cooking oil in the synthesis of high-value thermal insulating materials, provides a sustainable municipal waste recycling solution.

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Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Oil-based Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Phosphaphenanthrene Groups

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570178617666200224104336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 760-771

Author(s):

Qirui Gong ◽

Niangui Wang ◽

Kaibo Zhang ◽

Shizhao Huang ◽

Yuhan Wang

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽

Degradation Activation Energy ◽

Ft Ir

A phosphaphenanthrene groups containing soybean oil based polyol (DSBP) was synthesized by epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Soybean oil based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized by ESO and H2O. The chemical structure of DSBP and HSBP were characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR. The corresponding rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared by mixing DSBP with HSBP. The results revealed apparent density and compression strength of RPUFs decreased with increasing the DSBP content. The cell structure of RPUFs was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which displayed the cells as spherical or polyhedral. The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL 94 vertical burning test. The degradation activation energy (Ea) of first degradation stage reduced from 80.05 kJ/mol to 37.84 kJ/mol with 80 wt% DSBP. The RUPF with 80 wt% DSBP achieved UL94 V-0 rating and LOI 28.3. The results showed that the flame retardant effect was mainly in both gas phase and condensed phase.

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Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash supported zinc oxide catalyst for biodiesel production using used cooking oil as feed

Renewable Energy ◽

10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 302-314

Author(s):

Adeyinka S. Yusuff ◽

Aman K. Bhonsle ◽

Jayati Trivedi ◽

Dinesh P. Bangwal ◽

Lok P. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Oxide Catalyst ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

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Chemical Characterization of Used Cooking Oil Foaming Agent as Admixture in Foamed Concrete

InCIEC 2013 ◽

10.1007/978-981-4585-02-6_17 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 191-200

Author(s):

M. M. A. Hafiz ◽

A. R. M. Ridzuan ◽

M. A. Fadzil ◽

J. Nurliza

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Foamed Concrete

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The production of biodiesel from used cooking oil; characterization of key fuel properties of ethyl esters and diesel-biodiesel blends

Biofuels ◽

10.1080/17597269.2014.993577 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 591-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kashif Nadeem ◽

Hassnain Mahmood ◽

Hasan Raza ◽

Mehwish Batool ◽

Shazia Naz Malik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Properties ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Biodiesel Blends ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Oil Characterization

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PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DESA MOJOPURNO MELALUI PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SABUN DARI LIMBAH MINYAK JELANTAH

Jurnal Terapan Abdimas ◽

10.25273/jta.v1i1.337 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Sigit Ari Prabowo ◽

Muh. Waskito Ardhi ◽

Mislan Sasono

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Skills Training ◽

Raw Material ◽

Waste Oil ◽

High Cholesterol ◽

Observation Phase ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Very High

<p>Jelantah oil is used cooking oil waste, this is organic but if mishandled will pollute the environment. Cooking oil is used for frying foods optimum for 4 times the pan. Cooking oil after use more than 4 times the Pan contains a very high cholesterol levels so that harm to human health that consume them. The purpose this implementation to provide training on the utilization of jelantah from Pan crackers at factory crackers Mojopurno for make an organic soap alternatives. Outreach activities are divided into three phases : 1) observation phase, carried out to determine the potential spread of the villagers and the mojopurno primarily citizens around factories manufacturing crackers; 2) stage of training, was implemented to provide skills training through the creation of soap from the raw material of oil jelantah; 3) Stage evaluation, conducted an evaluation the activities of the citizens who have obtained training in the utilization of waste oil jelantah for making soap.</p>

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Reusability test of Silica - Titania Catalyst on Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil in Various Temperatures

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrst196414 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 116-123

Author(s):

Fiona Rachma Annisa ◽

Indang Dewata ◽

Hary Sanjaya ◽

Latisma Dj ◽

Ananda Putra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Acid Value ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Tetrahedral Coordination ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Ftir Characterization ◽

Density Flow

This work has investigated the reusability of silica-titania in various temperatures (50 – 70°C) of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The reused silica-titania catalyst collected from silica-titania catalyst waste produced from the process of separating the catalyst from biodiesel products from palm oil and used cooking oil at various temperatures. The 1st and 2nd reused SiO2-TiO2 were characterized by DR UV-Vis and the spectra were deconvoluted for calculate the fraction of titanium in tetrahedral coordination. In addition the biodiesel products were characterized using FTIR, and several properties of biodiesel such as density, flow rate and acid value were analyzed in order to get the information about catalytic activity reused SiO2-TiO2. The results show the titanium tetrahedral fraction in reused catalyst (1st) and (2nd) are found to be 24,98% and 24.65%, respectively. The FTIR characterization of biodiesel products and waste cooking oil are almost similar. The analysis of waste cooking oil converted to biodiesel shows an optimum temperature of 50oC that at this temperature the lowest density or highest flow rate gave highest conversion of 47.82% using BCR1 and 39.13% using BCR2.

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