scholarly journals A General Model for Estimating Emissions from Integrated Power Generation and Energy Storage. Case Study: Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Power and Wind Power with Batteries

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Miller ◽  
Emre Gençer ◽  
Francis O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Storage Technology ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
Storage Technologies

The penetration of renewable power generation is increasing at an unprecedented pace. While the operating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power are negligible, their upstream emissions are not. The great challenge with the deployment of renewable power generators is their intermittent and variable nature. Current electric power systems balance these fluctuations primarily using natural gas fired power plants. Alternatively, these dynamics could be handled by the integration of energy storage technologies to store energy during renewable energy availability and discharge when needed. In this paper, we present a model for estimating emissions from integrated power generation and energy storage. The model applies to emissions of all pollutants, including greenhouse gases (GHGs), and to all storage technologies, including pumped hydroelectric and electrochemical storage. As a case study, the model is used to estimate the GHG emissions of electricity from systems that couple photovoltaic and wind generation with lithium-ion batteries (LBs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VFBs). To facilitate the case study, we conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) power, as well as a synthesis of existing wind power LCAs. The PV LCA is also used to estimate the emissions impact of a common PV practice that has not been comprehensively analyzed by LCA—solar tracking. The case study of renewables and battery storage indicates that PV and wind power remain much less carbon intensive than fossil-based generation, even when coupled with large amounts of LBs or VFBs. Even the most carbon intensive renewable power analyzed still emits only ~25% of the GHGs of the least carbon intensive mainstream fossil power. Lastly, we find that the pathway to minimize the GHG emissions of power from a coupled system depends upon the generator. Given low-emission generation (<50 gCO2e/kWh), the minimizing pathway is the storage technology with lowest production emissions (VFBs over LBs for our case study). Given high-emission generation (>200 gCO2e/kWh), the minimizing pathway is the storage technology with highest round-trip efficiency (LBs over VFBs).

scholarly journals Short-run impact of electricity storage on CO2 emissions in power systems with high penetrations of wind power: A case-study of Ireland

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 590-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoghan McKenna ◽  
John Barton ◽  
Murray Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Study Data ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
The Impact

This article studies the impact on CO2 emissions of electrical storage systems in power systems with high penetrations of wind generation. Using the Irish All-Island power system as a case-study, data on the observed dispatch of each large generator for the years 2008 to 2012 was used to estimate a marginal emissions factor of 0.547 kgCO2/kWh. Selected storage operation scenarios were used to estimate storage emissions factors – the carbon emissions impact associated with each unit of storage energy used. The results show that carbon emissions increase in the short-run for all storage technologies when consistently operated in ‘peak shaving and trough filling’ modes, and indicate that this should also be true for the GB and US power systems. Carbon emissions increase when storage is operated in ‘wind balancing’ mode, but reduce when storage is operated to reduce wind power curtailment, as in this case wind power operates on the margin. For power systems where wind is curtailed to maintain system stability, the results show that energy storage technologies that provide synthetic inertia achieve considerably greater carbon reductions. The results highlight a tension for policy makers and investors in storage, as scenarios based on the operation of storage for economic gains increase emissions, while those that decrease emissions are unlikely to be economically favourable. While some scenarios indicate storage increases emissions in the short-run, these should be considered alongside long-run assessments, which indicate that energy storage is essential to the secure operation of a fossil fuel-free grid.

Flexible Natural Gas/Intermittent Renewable Hybrid Power Plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Welch ◽  
Andrew Pym
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Storage Technologies

Increasing grid penetration of intermittent renewable power from wind and solar is creating challenges for the power industry. There are times when generation from these intermittent sources needs to be constrained due to power transmission capacity limits, and times when fossil fuel power plant are required to rapidly compensate for large power fluctuations, for example clouds pass over a solar field or the wind stops blowing. There have been many proposals, and some actual projects, to store surplus power from intermittent renewable power in some form or other for later use: Batteries, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), heat storage and Hydrogen being the main alternatives considered. These technologies will allow power generation during low periods of wind and solar power, using separate discrete power generation plant with specifically designed generator sets. But these systems are time-limited so at some point, if intermittent renewable power generation does not return to its previous high levels, fossil fuel power generation, usually from a large centralized power plant, will be required to ensure security of supplies. The overall complexity of such a solution to ensure secure power supplies leads to high capital costs, power transmission issues and potentially increased carbon emissions to atmosphere from the need to keep fossil fuel plant operating at low loads to ensure rapid response. One possible solution is to combine intermittent renewables and energy storage technologies with fast responding, flexible natural gas-fired gas turbines to create a reliable, secure, low carbon, decentralized power plant. This paper considers some hybrid power plant designs that could combine storage technologies and gas turbines in a single location to maximize clean energy production and reduce CO2 emissions while still providing secure supplies, but with the flexibility that today’s grid operators require.

scholarly journals Comparing Electrical Energy Storage Technologies Regarding Their Material and Carbon Footprint

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Mostert ◽  
Berit Ostrander ◽  
Stefan Bringezu ◽  
Tanja Kneiske
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Power To Gas ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Vanadium Redox

The need for electrical energy storage technologies (EEST) in a future energy system, based on volatile renewable energy sources is widely accepted. The still open question is which technology should be used, in particular in such applications where the implementation of different storage technologies would be possible. In this study, eight different EEST were analysed. The comparative life cycle assessment focused on the storage of electrical excess energy from a renewable energy power plant. The considered EEST were lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium-sulphur, vanadium redox flow and stationary second-life batteries. In addition, two power-to-gas plants storing synthetic natural gas and hydrogen in the gas grid and a new underwater compressed air energy storage were analysed. The material footprint was determined by calculating the raw material input RMI and the total material requirement TMR and the carbon footprint by calculating the global warming impact GWI. All indicators were normalised per energy fed-out based on a unified energy fed-in. The results show that the second-life battery has the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and material use, followed by the lithium-ion battery and the underwater compressed air energy storage. Therefore, these three technologies are preferred options compared to the remaining five technologies with respect to the underlying assumptions of the study. The production phase accounts for the highest share of GHG emissions and material use for nearly all EEST. The results of a sensitivity analysis show that lifetime and storage capacity have a comparable high influence on the footprints. The GHG emissions and the material use of the power-to-gas technologies, the vanadium redox flow battery as well as the underwater compressed air energy storage decline strongly with increased storage capacity.

Optimal Energy Storage Portfolio for High and Ultrahigh Carbon-Free and Renewable Power Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar J Guerra ◽  
Joshua Eichman ◽  
Paul Denholm
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Storage Technologies

Achieving 100% carbon-free or renewable power systems can be facilitated by the deployment of energy storage technologies at all timescales, including short-duration, long-duration, and seasonal scales; however, most current literature...

scholarly journals Optimal Coordinated Planning of Energy Storage and Tie-Lines to Boost Flexibility with High Wind Power Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2526
Author(s):  
Fahad Alismail ◽  
Mohamed A. Abdulgalil ◽  
Muhammad Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Energy Integration ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Wind Power Integration ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Tie Lines

Since renewable power is intermittent and uncertain, modern grid systems need to be more elegant to provide a reliable, affordable, and sustainable power supply. This paper introduces a robust optimal planning strategy to find the location and the size of an energy storage system (ESS) and feeders. It aims to accommodate the wind power energy integration to serve the future demand growth under uncertainties. The methodology was tested in the IEEE RTS-96 system and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal sizing strategy. The findings validate the improvements in the power system reliability and flexibility.

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