scholarly journals Renewable Energy Sources in Transport on the Example of Methyl Esters and Bioethanol

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kupczyk ◽  
Joanna Mączyńska-Sęczek ◽  
Ewa Golisz ◽  
Piotr F. Borowski
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Production Potential

The aim of this article is to show how the situation of domestic biofuels in Poland and the alternative fuels sector is changing. On the basis of our own research and the available literature, changes in the production potential of Poland in the field of alternative fuels/biofuels are examined. Moreover, the reasons for changes in the production structure are analyzed. The flexibility of production potential to changes in legal conditions is assessed, and the value of sectors and their future are determined. This paper discusses legal and market aspects related to selected renewable energy sources used in Polish transport. Based on a review of literature and statistical data, the production and use of methyl esters and bioethanol are characterized in detail. Analysis of legal regulations enables the presentation of targets regarding renewable energy source (RES) use in transport by 2030. The results of studies conducted in 2020 are discussed with regard to the value (attractiveness) of methyl esters, bioethanol, electromobility and liquid bio-hydrocarbons, and these are compared and contrasted with the result from earlier years since 2010.

scholarly journals Regional Diversification of Potential, Production and Efficiency of Use of Biogas and Biomass in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Ślusarz ◽  
Barbara Gołębiewska ◽  
Marek Cierpiał-Wolan ◽  
Jarosław Gołębiewski ◽  
Dariusz Twaróg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Efficiency Frontier ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Solid Biomass ◽  
High Share

Energy obtained from renewable sources is an important element of the sustainable development strategy of the European Union and its member states. The aim of this research is, therefore, to assess the potential and use of renewable energy sources and their effectiveness from the regional perspective in Poland. The research covered the years 2012 and 2018. The diversification of production and potential of renewable energy sources was defined on the basis of biogas and biomass. Calculations made using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method showed that, in 2012, only three voivodeships achieved the highest efficiency in terms of the use of biogas and biomass resources; in 2018, this number increased to four. Comparing the effective units in 2012 and 2018, it can be seen that their efficiency frontier moved upwards by 56% in terms of biogas and 21% in terms of to biomass. Despite a large relative increase in the production of heat from biogas by 99% compared to the production of heat from biomass by 38%, the efficiency frontier for biogas did not change considerably. It was found that the resources of solid biomass are used far more intensively than the resources of biogas. However, in the case of biogas, a significant increase in the utilization of the production potential was observed: from 3.3% in 2012 to 6.4% in 2018, whereas in the same years, the utilization of solid biomass production potential remained at the same level (15.3% in 2012, 15.4% in 2018). It was also observed that, at the level of voivodeships, the utilization of biogas and biomass production potential is negatively correlated with the size of this potential. The combined potential of solid biomass and biogas can cover the demand of each of the studied regions in Poland in terms of thermal energy. The coverage ranges from 104% to 1402%. The results show that when comparing biomass and biogas, the production of both electricity and heat was dominated by solid biomass. Its high share occurred especially in voivodeships characterized by a high share of forest area and a low potential for biogas production (Lubuskie Voivodeship, Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship).

scholarly journals Biodiesel, a ochrona środowiska

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Marlena Owczuk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
The World

The development of the automotive industry in the world causes high environmental degradation, the main source of this degradation is engine emissions. It is necessary to introduce biofuels prepared from renewable energy sources to the market due to the limited reserve of crude oil and environmental protection. Appropriate new modifications in law regulations have been prepared in European Union. Introducing alternative fuels can reduce the emissions of harmful gases and also decrease the level of pollutions in the environment.

Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-97
Author(s):  
Hanna Irena Jędrzejuk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Technical Systems

This chapter describes a general issue of selecting renewable energy sources (RES) and technical systems. To achieve the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard, application of an RES (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass energy) is necessary. Each type of RES has specific characteristics and can be used to produce electricity and/or heat in certain systems. A short review of various systems using renewable energy sources is presented. To find the required and satisfactory solution that guaranties meeting the nZEB standard, an analysis must be carried out considering a number of aspects: local availability, structure and time-dependence of energy demand, building construction, economic conditions, legal regulations, and specific requirements. Finally, two examples of modernisation towards the nZEB standard are included.

Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings

2021 ◽  
pp. 1198-1226
Author(s):  
Hanna Irena Jędrzejuk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Technical Systems

This chapter describes a general issue of selecting renewable energy sources (RES) and technical systems. To achieve the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard, application of an RES (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass energy) is necessary. Each type of RES has specific characteristics and can be used to produce electricity and/or heat in certain systems. A short review of various systems using renewable energy sources is presented. To find the required and satisfactory solution that guaranties meeting the nZEB standard, an analysis must be carried out considering a number of aspects: local availability, structure and time-dependence of energy demand, building construction, economic conditions, legal regulations, and specific requirements. Finally, two examples of modernisation towards the nZEB standard are included.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FUEL BY HOUSEHOLDS AND NON-INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
S.V. Radchenko
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
Final Energy Consumption

Purpose of the paper is to analyze the available statistical data on fuel consumption by population in every region of Ukraine. To identify similarities and differences in development trends the comparison of structure of final energy consumption in Ukraine and the world was done. The degree of distribution of individual heating systems in urban settlements and rural areas in 2015 is determined. Analysis of the use of the main types of fuel by households sector in regions of Ukraine is performed. The amount of fuel consumed by the population does not linearly depend on the share of individual heating systems in the region (this was shown by an example), therefore to develop strategy for extending the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in the households more factors will need to be considered. Ukrainian and world energy balance data for 2015 (item “Other” which includes residential sector, commerce and public services, agriculture, fishing, other consumers) on the consumption of four main types of fuel (coal and peat, oil products, natural gas, biofuels and waste) were compared. It was concluded that in Ukraine the proportion of basic fuels consumption corresponds to world trends. However, after analyzing the distribution of total final energy consumption certain differences were observed. Analysis of renewable energy sources use by sectors has demonstrated that the residential sector is the leader in renewable energy sources consumption both in the world and in Ukraine. In Ukraine statistical data on biofuel consumption is mainly based on information about firewood and wood biomass consumption. This explains the higher percentage of biofuel consumption in forested areas. It should also be noted that in Ukraine 32% of the wood used by population was sold to households by enterprises and 68% was obtained from self-preparation. Over the past decade consumption of biomass fuel for household needs in Ukraine has doubled, and it is increasingly replacing coal fuel, thus exerting a positive impact on the environment.

scholarly journals The role of RES in the European energy system

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-353
Author(s):  
Beata Zakrzewska ◽  
Konrad Rojek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
The European Union

The purpose of the article is to show the role of RES in the European energy system. The article presents the role of renewable energy sources (RES) in the production of electricity in the European Union (EU). The position of Europe in comparison to other countries in the global renewable energy market is shown. The latest statistical data was used for this purpose. The analysis covered the years 2004-2017. The article also includes a forecast of electricity production from renewable sources by 2050.

scholarly journals Trends in Scientific Literature on Energy Return Ratio of Renewable Energy Sources for Supporting Policymakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Leonardo Rana ◽  
Mariarosaria Lombardi ◽  
Pasquale Giungato ◽  
Caterina Tricase
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Academic Literature

The scarcity of fossil fuels and their environmental impact as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have prompted governments around the world to both develop research and foster the use of renewable energy sources (RES), such as biomass, wind, and solar. Therefore, although these efforts represent potential solutions for fossil fuel shortages and GHG emission reduction, some doubts have emerged recently regarding their energy efficiency. Indeed, it is very useful to assess their energy gain, which means quantifying and comparing the amount of energy consumed to produce alternative fuels. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyze the trend of the academic literature of studies concerning the indices of the energy return ratio (ERR), such as energy return on energy invested (EROEI), considering biomass, wind and solar energy. This could be useful for institutions and to public organizations in order to redefine their political vision for realizing sustainable socio-economic systems in line with the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies. Results showed that biomass seems to be more expensive and less efficient than the equivalent fossil-based energy, whereas solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy have reached mature and advanced levels of technology.

scholarly journals The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources in Poland’s Energy Mix

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Marks-Bielska ◽  
Stanisław Bielski ◽  
Katarzyna Pik ◽  
Krystyna Kurowska
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Green Power ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Exploitation of renewable energy sources for power generation has been more and more important in recent years. This results from the economic issues and the measures taken to ensure the energy security. The aim of this research was to determine the significance of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix of Poland, and to elicit the opinions and the level of knowledge of the society on the use and development of non-conventional energy. The article also presents advantages and disadvantages of types of RES, the obstacles which hinder the progress of green energy in Poland, and the proposed measures to expand the share of the RES in the overall energy mix. The research relied on the statistical data gathered by Statistics Poland. The opinions of respondents were elicited through a diagnostic survey based on a questionnaire. The research has demonstrated that the respondents support the development of RES in Poland. However, they also maintain that the purchase and installation of devices for the production of non-conventional energy are too expensive. The respondents believe that in order to increase the number of green power plants, subsidies to encourage RES investment and tax reliefs related to this investment should be bigger.

scholarly journals Legal Aspects of Geothermal Energy Use in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 385-406
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Szalewska
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Construction Law

Geothermal energy, understood as the energy stored in the form of heat beneath the earth’s surface, is one of the types of renewable energy sources. In Poland, geothermal energy is the renewable energy source with the highest technical potential, which results from the fact that there are natural sedimentation-structure basins in Poland, filled with hot underground waters of various temperatures. One of the basic factors determining the potential development of undertakings oriented at the use of geothermal energy is the legal environment, understood as a system of legal regulations relating to human activity connected with the use of geothermal energy. The subject of this study is the analysis of legal conditions for ventures geared towards geothermal energy exploration, documentation, and extraction. In Poland there is no uniform legal act regulating these issues in a comprehensive way. The provisions of the Geological and Mining Law and the Water Law, but also the provisions of the Construction Law, Environmental Protection Law, Energy Law, and Renewable Energy Sources Act apply to the analysed projects. The complexity and multilayer character of legal regulations determines the multitude of legal procedures reflecting the regulatory function of the state, realised through the system of concessions, permits, permissions, and approvals. The aim of this study is to present the legal regulations applicable in Poland relating to the use of geothermal energy, and to analyse the level of rationing of activities undertaken in this field.

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