scholarly journals New Analytical Approaches for Effective Quantification and Identification of Nanoplastics in Environmental Samples

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Christian Ebere Enyoh ◽  
Qingyue Wang ◽  
Tanzin Chowdhury ◽  
Weiqian Wang ◽  
Senlin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Food Research ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Nanoplastics (NPs) are a rapidly developing subject that is relevant in environmental and food research, as well as in human toxicity, among other fields. NPs have recently been recognized as one of the least studied types of marine litter, but potentially one of the most hazardous. Several studies are now being reported on NPs in the environment including surface water and coast, snow, soil and in personal care products. However, the extent of contamination remains largely unknown due to fundamental challenges associated with isolation and analysis, and therefore, a methodological gap exists. This article summarizes the progress in environmental NPs analysis and makes a critical assessment of whether methods from nanoparticles analysis could be adopted to bridge the methodological gap. This review discussed the sample preparation and preconcentration protocol for NPs analysis and also examines the most appropriate approaches available at the moment, ranging from physical to chemical. This study also discusses the difficulties associated with improving existing methods and developing new ones. Although microscopical techniques are one of the most often used ways for imaging and thus quantification, they have the drawback of producing partial findings as they can be easily mixed up as biomolecules. At the moment, the combination of chemical analysis (i.e., spectroscopy) and newly developed alternative methods overcomes this limitation. In general, multiple analytical methods used in combination are likely to be needed to correctly detect and fully quantify NPs in environmental samples.

Analogy Models for Prediction of Human Toxicity

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Sven Hellberg ◽  
Lennart Eriksson ◽  
Jörgen Jonsson ◽  
Fredrik Lindgren ◽  
Michael Sjöström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Basal Cytotoxicity

Estimating the toxicity to humans of chemicals by testing on human subjects is not considered to be ethically acceptable, and toxicity testing on laboratory animals is also questionable. Therefore, there is a need for alternative methods that will give estimates of various aspects of human toxicity. Batteries of in vitro tests, together with physicochemical and toxicokinetic data, analysed by efficient data analytical methods, may enable analogy models to be constructed that can predict human toxicity. It may be possible to model non-specific toxicity relating to lipophilicity, or basal cytotoxicity, for a series of diverse compounds with large variation in chemical structure and physicochemical properties. However, local models for a series of similar compounds are generally expected to be more accurate, as well as being capable of modelling more-specific interactions. Analogy models for the prediction of human toxicity are discussed and exemplified with physicochemical and cytotoxicity data from the first ten chemicals in the multicenter evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (MEIC) project.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF WASTE DUMP “CHROBRÓW” IN POLAND ON GROUND - AND SURFACE WATER

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gontaszewska ◽  
Andrezej Krainski
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

In paper an influence of waste dump “Chrobrów” on groundwater and tributary of the Bóbr river was described. This waste dump was installed in former gravel excavation. For first 10 years it had no leak stopper and sewage water could freely infiltrate. Geological structure of the waste dump subsoil is unfavourable because garbage are directly stored on gravels with high filtration coefficient which make migration of pollutants easy. At the moment the waste dump has a leak stopper made from bentonite composite but there are still polluted groundsunderneath. In this paper was analyzed data about ground- and surface water quality from years 1994 – 2004. It was found that the quality of groundwater deteriorated, especially in years 1999 and 2002. The most worsening was noted in case of chlorides, ammonia nitrogen, sodium and potassium. Unfortunately there is no data before 1994 so there is no information about hydrogeochemical background. Increased values of all groundwater components infirst period of investigation are results of exploitation in years 1984 – 1994, when waste dump had no leak stopper.But later deterioration of groundwater quality can not be explained in this way. It should be drawn a conclusion that the seal of waste dump bottom does not work correctly. It was found that there is no negative impact of waste dump on surface water what is caused by absence of hydraulic contact between river and groundwater on investigated area.

scholarly journals Comparative-Legal Analysis of Alternative Tax Dispute Resolution: the Practice of the Russian Federation, the United States, the Netherlands and Germany

2017 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Елена Цветкова ◽  
Elena Tsvetkova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Moment

The main trend of recent years is the complication of tax administration. In order to improve it states develop forms of work with taxpayers, including alternative tax dispute resolution. The author analyses alternative tax dispute resolution that have already developed in Russia and compares them with similar procedures in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. To the alternative methods that are applied in Russia the author refers tax monitoring and agreement on the settlement of a tax dispute. Tax monitoring is not seen as a form of tax control, but as a mean of resolving and preventing the occurrence of a tax dispute. The conclusion of an agreement between a tax authority and a taxpayer on the settlement of a dispute in court is possible by reaching a compromise on the qualification of relations, on actual circumstances, on the interpretation of the tax rate. The article contains examples of programs that exist in the US and Germany in the sphere of tax dispute resolution. Also issues related to the implementation of the mediation procedure existing in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany and the possibility of their application in Russia are considered. The author emphasizes the impossibility of applying the procedure of mediation in tax disputes in Russia at the moment due to the lack of legislative regulation.

scholarly journals Nutraceuticals: An Healthy Bet for the Future

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonello Santini
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Food Chemistry ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
The Future ◽  
Medical Foods ◽  
New Research ◽  
Poster Presentations ◽  
Analytical Approaches

<p>This Issue of the Journal of Food Research, dedicated to the IX Italian Congress on Food Chemistry, ChimAlSi 2012 (Ischia, Napoli, Italy-June 3-7), collects selected manuscripts presented at the Congress, and proposes some aspects and an in depth look of many subjects related to food, that have been the focus of the ChimAlSi 2012. The Scientific Committee, formed by Proff. Ettore Novellino, Luca Rastrelli, Alberto Ritieni, and Antonello Santini, made this event unique as it has been enriched by the participation of more than 300 delegates, including many young researchers from different Countries. On behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committes, I would like to take the chance to thank here all the speakers and the partecipants, that gave their valuable contribution to the brilliant success of this scientific event. The Congress represented a challenging chance for scientists, regulators, and industry representatives, to meet and share aspects of cutting edge knowledge in the field of Food Chemistry, new research lines, and potential development opportunities to provide the market with higher quality food and nutraceuticals. The IX Italian Congress of Food Chemistry included 12 plenary lectures, 66 lectures, and 290 poster presentations. Two Workshops focused on food contaminants and on the role of food in human health, completed the program of the activities, that covered a wide variety of food related topics ranging from food contaminants and food quality to new analytical approaches, nutritional and health aspects, food integrators, medical foods, nutraceuticals. The scientific contributions were divided in four homogeneous sessions dedicated to food safety, techniques of food analysis, bioactive compounds, and nutraceuticals. These last food-derived compounds, mostly of vegetal origin, are starting to be considered the challenge for the future in the field of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, as a valid low cost, environmental friendly sources alternative to drugs as active supplements for the prevention and to support the therapy in many different health conditions.</p>

Alternative methods for selecting web survey samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Revilla ◽  
Carlos Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
External Source ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Passive Data ◽  
Online Panels ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Survey Evaluation ◽  
Source Of Information

Probability-based sampling is the gold standard for general population surveys. However, when interested in more specific populations (e.g., consumers of a particular brand), a lot of research uses data from non-probability-based online panels. This article investigates different ways to select a sample in an opt-in panel: without previous information, using profiling information, or using passive data from a tracker installed on the panelists’ devices. Moreover, it investigates the effect of sending the survey closer to the “moment-of-truth,” which is expected to reduce memory limitations in recall questions. Using additional information (profiling or passive) to select the sample leads to clear improvements in terms of levels of participation and fieldwork efficiency, but not in terms of data quality (measured by the proportion of don’t know answers and the length of answers to open narrative questions) or accuracy (measured by comparing the answers to 14 questions to an external source of information). Doing the survey closer to the “moment-of-truth” further improves the fieldwork efficiency; however, there are still many challenges to implement true “in-the-moment” surveys. We also observed differences across the different samples in respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics and in the survey evaluation.

Non-destructive Spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as a tool for Green Chemical Analysis of environmental samples: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainara Gredilla ◽  
Silvia Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo ◽  
Nerea Elejoste ◽  
Alberto de Diego ◽  
Juan Manuel Madariaga
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Non Destructive

Overview of the current status of sediment chemical analysis: trends in analytical techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (NA) ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don-Roger Parkinson ◽  
Julian M. Dust
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

This article reviews selected techniques and current trends in the analysis of contaminants in sediments since the year 2000. Because of the variety of anthropogenic target analytes encountered in sediments, the monograph is separated into inorganic and organic subsections. Practical aspects, including advances in: analysis of standards, biological methods, instrumental methods, modeling aspects, sample preparation and extraction methods, and speciation techniques are discussed. The sediment matrices are complex and require an integrated approach encompassing sampling, preparation, extraction, and analysis steps to reach the detection levels required. Often hyphenated techniques are employed to utilize the multi-resolving and isolation powers of the combined instrumentation. The review mainly focuses on the ability of developing techniques and their approaches and applications not only to solve new problems but also to push detection limits on historically well known inorganic and organic contaminants, while highlighting emerging persistent organic pollutants. The impetus of such research is to obtain a more factual understanding of an ecosystem and overall condition of its habitant in the context of sediments that may act as reservoirs for anthropogenic pollutants. The review is not comprehensive but rather provides an overview of the status of sediment chemical analysis and focuses on the trends in analytical approaches towards analytes of anthropogenic contaminants in sediments.

Chemical and bioanalytical assessment of coal seam gas associated water

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Y. M. Tang ◽  
Mauricio Taulis ◽  
Jacinta Edebeli ◽  
Frederic D. L. Leusch ◽  
Paul Jagals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Coal Seam Gas ◽  
Endocrine Activity ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Environmental context Water associated with coal seam gas is generally of poor quality and thus its management and potential further usage is a subject of concern. In a comprehensive study involving chemical and bioanalytical assessments of coal seam gas associated water, we found that less than 5% of the biological effects could be explained by chemical analysis. The use of bioanalytical tools to complement chemical analysis is recommended for monitoring the quality of water associated with coal seam gas. Abstract A comprehensive study was undertaken involving chemical (inorganic and organic) and bioanalytical assessments of coal seam gas associated water (CSGW) in Queensland, Australia. CSGW is a by-product of the gas extraction process and is generally considered as water of poor quality. CSGW is disposed of by release to surface water, reinjected to groundwater or beneficially reused. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from private wells tapping into the Walloon Coal Measures, the same coal aquifer exploited for coal seam gas production in the Surat Basin. The inorganic characteristics of these water samples were almost identical to the CSGW from the nearby gas field, with high sodium, bicarbonate and chloride concentrations but low calcium, magnesium and negligible sulfate concentrations. As for organic compounds, low levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in the water samples, and neither phenols nor volatile organic compounds were found. Five of the fourteen bioassays tested gave positive responses (arylhydrocarbon-receptor gene activation, estrogenic endocrine activity, oxidative stress response, interference with cytokine production and non-specific toxicity), whereas the other nine assays showed no genotoxicity, protein damage or activation of hormone receptors other than the estrogen receptor. The observed effects were benchmarked against known water sources and were similar to secondary treated wastewater effluent, stormwater and surface water. As mixture toxicity modelling demonstrated, the detected PAHs explained less than 5% of the observed biological effects. These results showed that bioanalytical assessment can open new avenues for research into the potential environmental and health risk from CSGW.

Chemical analysis of environmental samples collected in Iraq: Analysis for the presence of chemical warfare agents

1995 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Weimaster ◽  
William T. Beaudry ◽  
Paul C. Bossle ◽  
Michael W. Ellzy ◽  
L. Gail Janes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents

scholarly journals Development of a Real-Time qPCR Method for Detection and Enumeration of Mycobacterium spp. in Surface Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 7348-7351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Radomski ◽  
Françoise S. Lucas ◽  
Régis Moilleron ◽  
Emmanuelle Cambau ◽  
Sophie Haenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Qpcr Method ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Real Time Qpcr ◽  
Mycobacterium Spp

ABSTRACT A real-time quantitative PCR method was developed for the detection and enumeration of Mycobacterium spp. from environmental samples and was compared to two other methods already described. The results showed that our method, targeting 16S rRNA, was more specific than the two previously published real-time quantitative PCR methods targeting another 16S rRNA locus and the hsp65 gene (100% versus 44% and 91%, respectively).

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