scholarly journals MOX Sensors to Ensure Suitable Parameters of Grated Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Marco Abbatangelo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Mox Sensors ◽  
Parmigiano Reggiano ◽  
Hard Cheese ◽  
Made In

Parmigiano Reggiano (PR) cheese is a long-ripened hard cheese made in Northern Italy registered as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in the European Union. [...]

Staatsklimahaftung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
European Union ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
State Liability ◽  
Liability Claims ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

Climate change litigation is becoming increasingly important. This thesis deals with the question whether state liability claims against Germany or the EU can be justified, if commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are not met. For this purpose, the claim under public liability according to § 839 German Civil Code in connection with Art. 34 German Basic Law, the liability of the EU-Member States and the liability of the European Union according to Art. 340 II TFEU are discussed. At the end of the thesis, considerations on the practical perspectives of state liability are made in order to improve their prospects of success.

Modernising the Community Courts

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 37-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Arnull
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
Community Courts ◽  
Made In

A purist might say that the judicial architecture of what is now the European Union was first altered by the 1957 Convention on Certain Institutions Common to the European Communities. That Convention set up a single Court of Justice with jurisdiction under the three Community Treaties which had by then been signed. However, the 1957 Convention should probably be regarded as the last brick in the original edifice, which was to remain unchanged for nearly 30 years. Although the Court started to express concern about its capacity to cope with its workload in the 1970s, the Member States did not respond until 1986, when provision for a court of first instance was made in the Single European Act. That reform marked the beginning of a period of rapid change in the judicial architecture of the Union.

13. Environmental Policy Contending Dynamics of Policy Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lenschow
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Environmental Interest Groups ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

This chapter focuses on the European Union’s environmental policy, the development of which was characterized by institutional deepening and the substantial expansion of environmental issues covered by EU decisions and regulations. Environmental policy presents a host of challenges for policymakers, including the choice of appropriate instruments, improvement of implementation performance, and better policy coordination at all levels of policy-making. The chapter points to the continuing adaptations that have been made in these areas. It first considers the historical evolution of environmental policy in the EU before discussing the main actors in EU environmental policy-making, namely: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and environmental interest groups. The chapter also looks at the EU as an international actor.

scholarly journals United States Joins with Allies, Including NATO, to Attribute Malicious Cyber Activities to China

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-721
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

In July, the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), and other allies attributed a variety of malicious cyber activities, including the Microsoft Exchange hack, to China. This joint attribution builds on commitments made in June summits with NATO, the G7, the EU, and the United Kingdom, and is consistent with the Biden administration's multilateral approach to confronting cybersecurity threats and China more generally. Still, critics question whether the administration's efforts will succeed in altering the behavior of states that pose cybersecurity threats to the United States.

scholarly journals Socialisation and legitimacy intermediation in the Council of the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-221
Author(s):  
Kamil Ł. Ławniczak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
State Governments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Qualified Majority ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Supranational Level ◽  
Input Legitimacy ◽  
Output Legitimacy ◽  
Made In

Abstract The Council is a crucial intergovernmental institution of the European Union. However, the complex, opaque and consensual character of the decision-making process in the Council puts its legitimacy into question. Intergovernmentalist theory posits that it is sufficiently legitimised, indirectly, by the member state governments. Constructivist research, on the other hand, suggests that socialisation might disturb the relaying of positions from the national to the supranational level, as the former approach implies. This paper aims to explore these issues, in particular related to representation and consensus. It contains an analysis of material generated in in-depth interviews and concludes that more effort is invested into reaching a more inclusive compromise in the Council than one would expect if it were to decide by qualified majority. Socialisation is weakening the input legitimacy of decisions made in the Council, while at the same time enhancing their output legitimacy by favouring genuine consensus.

scholarly journals PENSIJŲ KAUPIMO SUTARTIS: TEORINIAI IR PRAKTINIAI ASPEKTAI

Teisė ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 72-100
Author(s):  
A. Daukšienė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
European Union Member States ◽  
Made In

Šiame straipsnyje jo skaitytojas (teisininkas, mokslininkas ar pensijų kaupimu besidomintis asmuo) supažindinamas su pensijų kaupimo sutartimi – šių dienų kontekste viena iš socialiai reikšmingiausių civilinių sutarčių. Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas yra kvalifikuoti pensijų kaupimo sutartį, atskleidžiant šiai sutarčiai būdingus kitų civilinių sutarčių požymius. Taip pat autorė straipsnyje sprendžia bendrosios kompetencijos ir administracinių teismų kompetencijos atskyrimo problemą teismams nagrinėjant ginčus pensijų kaupimo srityje bei atskleidžia Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijos įtaką pažeistų pensijų kaupimo sistemos dalyvių teisių gynybai. Be to, šiame darbe pateikiama trumpa Europos Sąjungos valstybėse narėse, įskaitant ir Lietuvą, įvykdytų pensijų sistemos reformų raida, siekiant visapusiškai atskleisti kontekstą, kuriame paskutinius kelerius metus veikia pensijų kaupimo sutarties šalys. This article introduces reader (who might be lawyer, academic or any other person who is interested in pension accumulation) to the legal nature of a pension accumulation contract which is one of the most and socially important civil contracts nowadays. The main aim of the article is to qualify pension accumulation contract and to reveal the specific features of pension accumulation contract from perspective of the other civil contracts. Moreover, the author pays attention to the problem of separation of civil and administrative courts’ competence by hearing disputes in the area of pension accumulation. As well as the influence of Constitutional court jurisprudence to defence of the violated rights of pension system’s participants are analyzed. In addition, this work also provides a brief overview of the pension systems reforms which were made in the European Union Member States (including Lithuania), with intention to disclose fully the context in which pension accumulation contract parties were acting in the last few years.

scholarly journals The long hand of workers’ ownership: Performing transformation in the Uljanik Shipyard in Yugoslavia/Croatia, 1970-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-878
Author(s):  
Ulf Brunnbauer ◽  
Andrew Hodges
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Full Circle ◽  
Made In

In 2012, the large Uljanik shipyard in Pula (Croatia) was finally privatized, as a result of pressure from the European Union. The new owners were the workers (and pensioners) of the shipyard. History seemed to have come full circle: thanks to ‘privatization’, a previously ‘socially owned’ Yugoslav enterprise returned once again into the hands of workers. Yet, a closer look reveals that much has changed both on the shop floor and in the business strategies of the firm. In this article, we discuss performances of transformation relating to the Uljanik shipyard over the period from 1970 to the present, drawing on archival research, observations made in Pula and interviews with Uljanik workers. The article reveals how workers, managers and state officials understood their roles on the stage of this enterprise, and how they interrelated. Various important paradoxes relating to the ‘transformation’ from Yugoslav self-management to self-managed capitalism are revealed in the process. These experiences help to explain the difficulties in restructuring shipbuilding in Croatia today.

South Africa, SADC, and the European Union: Matching Bilateral with Regional Policies

1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Holland
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
South African ◽  
South African Government ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
African Caribbean ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

These comments by South Africa's Minister for Trade and Industry, Trevor Manuel, were made in November 1994 in a speech to the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP)—European Union (EU) ministerial meeting in Brussels. Words, of course, can be interpreted in various ways. Contrary to the seeming clarity of Manuel's request, the underlying sub-texts illustrated both the past prevarication of the South African Government and the continuing uncertainty on the part of the EU as to the appropriate shape of a new long-term relationship.

scholarly journals Brazil's strategic partnerships: an assessment of the Lula era (2003-2010)

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (spe) ◽  
pp. 115-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Carlos Lessa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Partnerships ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Made In

This article examines the priority bilateral relations of Brazil, named "strategic partnerships", both because of their tradition and historical relevance and due to the existence of political and economic cooperation projects. An assessment of these relationships, especially under Lula's administration, is made in this work, bearing in mind the concept of "strategic partnerships" and its development in Brazilian foreign policy. There will be considered partnerships with the US; Argentina; Japan; China; India; South Africa and the European Union. In the article, the meaning of the increase in these relationships is interpreted on the grounds of its significance to the international insertion strategy of Brazil

scholarly journals Crónica de una muerte anunciada? The ECJ judgment Lactalis and what’s left of the «made in» question in the European Union

2021 ◽  
pp. 309-325
Author(s):  
Vito Rubino
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Made In

El Reglamento n.º 1169/2011 (UE) relativo a la información a los consumidores sobre los alimentos preveía numerosas excepciones a la regla general de la «irrelevancia» tendencial de la indicación del origen del producto en el etiquetado, así como que los Estados miembros podían imponer la obligación de añadir información adicional sobre el origen de determinadas categorías de productos con determinadas cualidades. Sobre esta base, numerosos Estados miembros han ido introduciendo disposiciones a tal efecto en los últimos años, estimulando la campaña a favor o en contra del llamado «Hecho en» (Made in). El Tribunal de Justicia dictaminó que: – La regla genera lo establecido en el art. 26.2, aunque expresada de forma sucinta, constituye una forma de preferencia absoluta en la materia. – El art. 39, que autoriza a los Estados miembros a añadir determinada información obligatoria adicional a la impuesta por el Reglamento, se limita únicamente a los productos cuyas cualidades dependen del origen geográfico y solo si dicha información puede considerarse necesaria para los consumidores. – El riesgo de deterioro de la leche debido al transporte no entra en las condiciones previstas en el art. 39. Esta decisión supone una contrariedad para los defensores de la transparencia sobre el origen, dado que, en su sentencia, el Tribunal de Justicia interpreta el reglamento en cuestión de la manera más acorde posible con la libre circulación de mercancías. Teniendo en cuenta lo dicho, nuestro comentario trata de resaltar las repercusiones a corto plazo de la sentencia y plantea la hipótesis de cómo, a largo plazo, la polémica sobre el Made in podría continuar.

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