scholarly journals “Buddhism for Chinese Readers”: Zhi Qian’s Literary Refinements in the Foshuo pusa benye jing

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Jaehee Han ◽  
Soonil Hwang ◽  
Hyebin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Buddhist Scripture ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Degree

The present article continues the modern scholarship on the transmission of Buddhism from India to China by focusing on one of the most influential figures among the early Chinese Buddhist translators, namely, Zhi Qian (支謙, ca. 193–252 CE). His translation style is characterized as “kaleidoscopic,” as Jan Nattier describes, due to the high degree of diversity and variability in his language and terminology. In this study, we explore Zhi Qian’s literary refinements from the lexical, stylistic, and conceptual points of view based on his Foshuo pusa benye jing (佛說菩薩本業經, T. 281) in close conjunction with three related sūtras, the Foshuo dousha jing (佛説兜沙經, T. 280), the Zhu pusa qiufo benye jing (諸菩薩求佛本業經, T. 282), and the Pusa shizhu xingdao pin (菩薩十住行道品, T. 283), all attributed to Lokakṣema. We specifically discuss how Zhi Qian produced such a polished and “sinicised” version with various modes of literary modifications (e.g., using wenyan elements, four-syllable prosodic pattern, diverse vocabulary, and indigenous Chinese concepts) within the context of his life and times. In this article, we also argue that his main aim in producing the Foshuo pusa benye jing was to provide a more classical, elegant, and readable Buddhist scripture to the Chinese readers, but that he had to sacrifice being able to faithfully reflect the language used in the original Indic texts.

Le onicoeterotopie in età pediatrica

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 283-284
Author(s):  
Marco Ferrari ◽  
Vittorio Mazzarello ◽  
Egidio Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Points Of View

The ectopic nail is an additional nail located in an abnormal site. It falls within onychoheterotopia that is a rare condition whose pathogenesis is indeterminate. Ectopic nails are distinguished from the double little toenail by aetiology, location and development. The present article illustrates the clinical-morphological and dermoscopic points of view, the diagnostic criteria, the possible pathogenesis and surgical treatment of paediatric onychoheterotopia.

Speed/accuracy trade-offs in target-directed movements

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Réjean Plamondon ◽  
Adel M. Alimi
Keyword(s):  
Human Movement ◽  
Critical Survey ◽  
Kinematic Theory ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Kinematic Properties

This target article presents a critical survey of the scientific literature dealing with the speed/accuracy trade-offs in rapid-aimed movements. It highlights the numerous mathematical and theoretical interpretations that have been proposed in recent decades. Although the variety of points of view reflects the richness of the field and the high degree of interest that such basic phenomena attract in the understanding of human movements, it calls into question the ability of many models to explain the basic observations consistently reported in the field. This target article summarizes the kinematic theory of rapid human movements, proposed recently by R. Plamondon (1993b; 1993c; 1995a; 1995b), and analyzes its predictions in the context of speed/accuracy trade-offs. Data from human movement literature are reanalyzed and reinterpreted in the context of the new theory. It is shown that the various aspects of speed/ accuracy trade-offs can be taken into account by considering the asymptotic behavior of a large number of coupled linear systems, from which a delta-lognormal law can be derived to describe the velocity profile of an end-effector driven by a neuromuscular synergy. This law not only describes velocity profiles almost perfectly, it also predicts the kinematic properties of simple rapid movements and provides a consistent framework for the analysis of different types of speed/accuracy trade-offs using a quadratic (or power) law that emerges from the model.

Variable assimilation of English word-final /n/: electropalatographic evidence

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
ALEXEI KOCHETOV ◽  
LAURA COLANTONI ◽  
JEFFREY STEELE
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
English Word ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
Place Assimilation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Phonetic Realization

The phonetic realization of the English word-final alveolar nasal /n/ is known to be highly variable. Previous articulatory work has reported both gradient and categorical nasal place assimilation including considerable between-speaker differences. This work, however, has largely focused on a small subset of place contexts (namely, preceding velar /k, ɡ/) in a limited number of English varieties. The present article uses electropalatography to study the articulatory realization of /n/ in a wider range of phonetic contexts and read texts as produced by three speakers of Canadian English. The results reveal considerable inter- and intra-speaker differences in the rates of assimilation. Consistent with previous work, we observed a high degree of variation, both gradient and categorical, before velars. Substantial rates of assimilation were also observed before labials, where the process is unexpected from the point of view of gestural phonology but predicted by traditional phonological analyses. The variation in the place and stricture of /n/ before coronals was more limited and typically gradient. Finally, some differences were observed across the text conditions, with more assimilation occurring in carrier sentences than in the read passage and, to a more limited extent, in function than in content words.

The Perceptual-Mnemonic/Feature Conjunction Model of Perirhinal Cortex Function

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (3-4b) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Bussey ◽  
Lisa M. Saksida ◽  
Elisabeth A. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Feature Conjunction ◽  
High Degree

The perirhinal cortex was once thought to be “silent cortex”, virtually ignored by researchers interested in the neurobiology of learning and memory. Following studies of brain damage associated with cases of amnesia, perirhinal cortex is now widely regarded as part of a “medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system”. This system is thought to be more or less functionally homogeneous, having a special role in declarative memory, and making little or no contribution to other functions such as perception. In the present article, we summarize an alternative view. First, we propose that components of the putative MTL system such as the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex have distinct and dissociable functions. Second, we provide evidence that the perirhinal cortex has a role in visual discrimination. In addition, we propose a specific role for perirhinal cortex in visual discrimination: the contribution of complex conjunctive representations to the solution of visual discrimination problems with a high degree of “feature ambiguity”. These proposals constitute a new view of perirhinal cortex function, one that does not assume strict modularity of function in the occipito-temporal visual stream, but replaces this idea with the notion of a hierarchical representational continuum.

The Attentional Bias Modification Approach to Anxiety Intervention

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin MacLeod ◽  
Patrick J. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Attentional Bias Modification ◽  
Attentional Selectivity ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Anxiety Vulnerability

Anxiety vulnerability and dysfunction are characterized by an attentional bias to threat. Cognitive training procedures designed to modify selective attentional responding to threat originally were developed to test the hypothesis that this attentional bias causally contributes to anxious disposition. The capacity of attentional bias modification (ABM) training to alleviate dysfunctional anxiety has since attracted growing interest, and the present article reviews studies that have evaluated this therapeutic potential. When intended ABM training has successfully reduced attention to threat, it also has reduced anxiety vulnerability and symptomatology with a high degree of reliability. When the delivery of intended ABM training has not resulted in such anxiety reduction, this typically has reflected the failure to successfully modify attentional selectivity as required. We discuss ways in which ABM training procedures may be refined to optimize their capacity to reduce attentional bias to threat, to improve delivery of the resulting anxiolytic benefits.

Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch as a Peshat Commentator: Literary Aspects of His Commentary on the Pentateuch

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
Jonathan Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
German Jewish

Abstract The heart of Samson Raphael Hirsch’s literary corpus is his great commentary on the Pentateuch. In the commentary’s heyday, the German Jewish communities treated it with the reverence traditionally accorded Rashi on the Torah, and it was always to be found on the desks of both scholars and laypersons. Although the vast literature on Hirsch focuses on his life and his doctrine of Torah im Derech Eretz, much has been written about various aspects of the commentary on the Pentateuch, including Hirsch’s approach to the reasons for the precepts, his etymological method, his attitude toward the modern world, his treatment of the patriarchs’ transgressions, and his method as a translator. In addition to these interests, Hirsch’s commentary on the Pentateuch is marked by a fine and well-developed literary sensitivity that comes to the fore in many places. Not only has this not been studied in detail; it is never even mentioned in the various introductions to and studies of Hirsch. It must be acknowledged that the literary elements of Hirsch’s commentary are heavily outnumbered by what can be defined as derash. Still, the extensive attention to other facets of his personality and exegesis has led to the total neglect of the literary aspects of Hirsch’s commentaries and has overshadowed his aesthetic and literary sensitivity. Thus there is good reason for examining this aspect of his work—and that is the goal of the present article. I focus on four literary phenomena that Hirsch addresses systematically: multiple points of view; the designations applied to biblical characters; the phenomenon of consecutive statements; and word order.

scholarly journals La vinculación entre geopolítica y seguridad: algunas apreciaciones conceptuales y teóricas/ The link between geopolitics and security: a conceptual and theoretical assessment

2017 ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Lester Martin Cabrera Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Assessment ◽  
The Way

El presente artículo establece una discusión teórica sobre la vinculación que existe entre la geopolítica y la seguridad. En este sentido, la discusión se aprecia desde un punto de vista en torno a la evolución que ha tenido la relación entre geopolítica y seguridad, particularmente sobre la forma en que se comprenden tanto los procesos conflictivos y los actores que se ven involucrados. Así, se establece la vinculación desde comienzos del siglo XX hasta la actualidad, donde se percibe la necesidad de comprender tanto a la geopolítica como a la seguridad desde otros puntos de vista en los que incluso sus elementos básicos se ven cuestionados. Se concluye que se requiere una comprensión holística de ambas perspectivas para entender y explicar los nuevos fenómenos conflictivos, sin descartar la totalidad de los postulados clásicos. ABSTRACTThe present article seeks to establish a theoretical discussion about the link between geopolitics and security. In this sense, the discussion is seen from a point of view on the evolution of the relationship between geopolitics and security, particularly on the way in which both conflicting processes and the actors involved are understood. Thus, it is established the linkage from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, where it is perceived the need to understand both geopolitics and security from other points of view, in which even its basic elements are questioned. It concludes that a holistic understanding of both perspectives is required to understand and explain the new conflicting phenomena, without ruling out the totality of the classical postulates.

scholarly journals Plato – The Motto of Delphi of the Alcibiades I: Between Emphases and Retractions of the Socratics?

2015 ◽  
pp. 13-42
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Mazzara
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Platonic Dialogue ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

The present article aims to examine whether this Platonic dialogue can be regarded as polemical and competing with the similar educational proposals put forward by Xenophon and Antisthenes for the young  Alcibiades aspiring to power in the city of Athens. The present article has been divided into two major parts. In the first one, I propose to unify the two opposing points of view that are reflected in the interpretations of the motto: the one that takes it to be a solitary dialogue of a soul talking to itself (Platonic origin) and the one that takes it to be an intersubjective dialogue (Socratic origin). In the second part, I try to highlight a few points of contact and conflict between Plato, Xenophon and Antisthenes, arguing that it is the latter two that may be alluded to in the dialogue, albeit indirectly, as competing and polemical targets.

General Requirements for Digital Government

2011 ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae Costake
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Points Of View

“Digital government” (DG), “online government,” “e-government (eGvt),” and “e-governance (eG)” are widely used terms. They suggest the use of modern information and communications technology (ICT) in the governance of socio-economic systems (SES). It is widely accepted that the goal consists in increasing the performance of the governance. This can be considered in the sense of improving the services provided to citizens and organizations and also of improving the socio-economic development. There are still various points of view concerning the scope and strategy. The purpose of the present article, based on existing results and trends, is to propose a set of general requirements for the informatized governance of socio-economic systems.

Memories and narratives about breast cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen ◽  
Anders Bonde Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Illness Narrative ◽  
Thematic Content ◽  
Finding Meaning ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Overlap

Turning points are considered to refer to emotional and important events. The present study compared turning point memories to other memories on several ratings and investigated the association between turning points, distress and meaning. Memories may act as organising units in extended narratives, hence the study also tested whether overlap between memories and extended illness narrative was associated with a more coherent narrative. Fifteen patients with breast cancer were asked to tell a 10-minute narrative about their illness course and describe meaning in their illness. Each patient was asked to recall five memories, to state whether or not the memories were turning points, and to rate memories on both event and phenomenological variables. Lastly, the patients were asked to rate distress. The narratives were scored for coherence and the memories were scored for thematic content as well as thematic overlap with the narratives. The results showed that all participants rated the mammography as a turning point and that turning points were rated higher on both event and phenomenological variables. Patients reporting more turning points also reported more distress and not finding meaning in the illness and treatment. High degree of overlap between memories and narratives showed a trend towards an association with a more coherent narrative. The present article discusses processes, which may be involved in the interaction between memories and narratives.

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