scholarly journals Can Agricultural Management Induced Changes in Soil Organic Carbon Be Detected Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2265
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sanderman ◽  
Kathleen Savage ◽  
Shree Dangal ◽  
Gabriel Duran ◽  
Charlotte Rivard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Mir Spectroscopy ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Carbon Change

A major limitation to building credible soil carbon sequestration programs is the cost of measuring soil carbon change. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is considered a viable low-cost alternative to traditional laboratory analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC). While numerous studies have shown that DRS can produce accurate and precise estimates of SOC across landscapes, whether DRS can detect subtle management induced changes in SOC at a given site has not been resolved. Here, we leverage archived soil samples from seven long-term research trials in the U.S. to test this question using mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy coupled with the USDA-NRCS Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory MIR spectral library. Overall, MIR-based estimates of SOC%, with samples scanned on a secondary instrument, were excellent with the root mean square error ranging from 0.10 to 0.33% across the seven sites. In all but two instances, the same statistically significant (p < 0.10) management effect was found using both the lab-based SOC% and MIR estimated SOC% data. Despite some additional uncertainty, primarily in the form of bias, these results suggest that large existing MIR spectral libraries can be operationalized in other laboratories for successful carbon monitoring.

Predicting contents of carbon and its component fractions in Australian soils from diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectra

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Baldock ◽  
B. Hawke ◽  
J. Sanderman ◽  
L. M. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Mir Spectra

Quantifying the content and composition of soil carbon in the laboratory is time-consuming, requires specialised equipment and is therefore expensive. Rapid, simple and low-cost accurate methods of analysis are required to support current interests in carbon accounting. This study was completed to develop national and state-based models capable of predicting soil carbon content and composition by coupling diffuse reflectance mid-infrared (MIR) spectra with partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analyses. Total, organic and inorganic carbon contents were determined and MIR spectra acquired for 20 495 soil samples collected from 4526 locations from soil depths to 1 m within Australia’s agricultural regions. However, all subsequent MIR/PLSR models were developed using soils only collected from the 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depth layers. The extent of grinding applied to air-dried soil samples was found to be an important determinant of the variability in acquired MIR spectra. After standardisation of the grinding time, national MIR/PLSR models were developed using an independent test-set validation approach to predict the square-root transformed contents of total, organic and inorganic carbon and total nitrogen. Laboratory fractionation of soil organic carbon into particulate, humus and resistant forms was completed on 312 soil samples. Reliable national MIR/PLSR models were developed using cross-validation to predict the contents of these soil organic carbon fractions; however, further work is required to enhance the representation of soils with significant contents of inorganic carbon. Regional MIR/PLSR models developed for total, organic and inorganic carbon and total nitrogen contents were found to produce more reliable and accurate predictions than the national models. The MIR/PLSR approach offers a more rapid and more cost effective method, relative to traditional laboratory methods, to derive estimates of the content and composition of soil carbon and total nitrogen content provided that the soils are well represented by the calibration samples used to build the predictive models.

scholarly journals Soil andic properties as powerful factors explaining deep soil organic carbon stocks distribution: the case of a coffee agroforestry plantation on Andosols in Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphaine Chevallier ◽  
Kenji Fujisaki ◽  
Olivier Roupsard ◽  
Florian Guidat ◽  
Rintaro Kinoshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Mir Spectroscopy ◽  
Soc Stocks

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes the largest terrestrial carbon stock. Both distribution and variation of SOC stocks are needed to constitute reference baseline for studies on temporal SOC change. Specifically, in volcanic areas, the spatial variation of soil andic properties usually explains the spatial variation of topsoil SOC contents, but SOC data for deeper soil layers are needed. We measured the andic properties (e.g. pyrophosphate extractable aluminium and allophane contents) and SOC stocks down to 200-cm depth in a 1 km2 micro-watershed covered by Arabica coffee agroforestry in Costa Rica. We used diffuse reflectance mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to allow a large number of soil analysis. The objectives of our study were (i) to evaluate MIRS as a low-cost and rapid tool to measure andic properties and SOC in Andosols and (ii) to predict the level of SOC stocks down to 200-cm depth.

scholarly journals Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Mixed-Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jandl ◽  
Thomas Ledermann ◽  
Georg Kindermann ◽  
Peter Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks ◽  
Organic Carbon Stock

Question: We compared the soil organic carbon stock of the forests of an entire country. The objective of our research was establishing the differences between coniferous or deciduous forests with respect to soil carbon stocks. The question is relevant because coniferous forests are increasingly damaged by abiotic and biotic disturbances that are related to climate change. Deciduous forests are considered to be less vulnerable. Their soils are expected to be more persistent and reliable sinks for carbon dioxide.Methods: Soil data are available from the Austrian Forest Soil Survey. Soils have been sampled on sites of the Austrian Forest Inventory. The data were stratified according to geology (calcareous vs. silicatic bedrock), orientation of the slopes, and forest type (coniferous vs. mixed-deciduous forest). These data were used to establish ground truth of soil organic carbon stocks. Further, we had simulation results of a coupled forest growth/soil carbon model. The scenarios built on the results of the Forest Inventory 2007/09 and reflect a business-as-usual forest management vs. a climate-change adaptation scenario where forest managers replace coniferous with deciduous forests if site conditions permit it. The simulations were performed with the forest growth simulator CÂLDIS and the soil carbon model Yasso07.Results: Based on the Austrian Forest Soil Survey carbon stocks of coniferous forests were consistently higher than in mixed-deciduous forests. This result applies both for the organic litter layer and the mineral soil to a depth of 50 cm. The depth gradients of carbon were similar in both forest types. The simulation under a strong warming scenario showed an increase in the carbon stocks of soils when conifers are replaced by deciduous tree species. In the 150-year simulation the majority of forest sites will become suitable for deciduous forests. The build-up of a large soil organic carbon stock is driven by the stronger harvesting pressure on the remaining coniferous forests. Deciduous forests were in lesser demand and developed under a light forest intervention regime. However, toward the end of the century, when the temperature level is far above present levels, the soil organic carbon stocks declined.

Is soil carbon disappearing? The dynamics of soil organic carbon in Java

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1917-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
BUDIMAN MINASNY ◽  
YIYI SULAEMAN ◽  
ALEX B. MCBRATNEY
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon

scholarly journals The use of radiocarbon <sup>14</sup>C to constrain carbon dynamics in the soil module of the land surface model ORCHIDEE (SVN r5165)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Tifafi ◽  
Marta Camino-Serrano ◽  
Christine Hatté ◽  
Hector Morras ◽  
Lucas Moretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Surface Model

Abstract. Despite the importance of soil as a large component of the terrestrial ecosystems, the soil compartments are not well represented in the Land Surface Models (LSMs). Indeed, soils in current LSMs are generally represented based on a very simplified schema that can induce a misrepresentation of the deep dynamics of soil carbon. Here, we present a new version of the IPSL-Land Surface Model called ORCHIDEE-SOM, incorporating the 14C dynamic in the soil. ORCHIDEE-SOM, first, simulates soil carbon dynamics for different layers, down to 2 m depth. Second, concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its transport are modeled. Finally, soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition is considered taking into account the priming effect. After implementing the 14C in the soil module of the model, we evaluated model outputs against observations of soil organic carbon and 14C activity (F14C) for different sites with different characteristics. The model managed to reproduce the soil organic carbon stocks and the F14C along the vertical profiles. However, an overestimation of the total carbon stock was noted, but was mostly marked on the surface. Then, thanks to the introduction of 14C, it has been possible to highlight an underestimation of the age of carbon in the soil. Thereafter, two different tests on this new version have been established. The first was to increase carbon residence time of the passive pool and decrease the flux from the slow pool to the passive pool. The second was to establish an equation of diffusion, initially constant throughout the profile, making it vary exponentially as a function of depth. The first modifications did not improve the capacity of the model to reproduce observations whereas the second test showed a decrease of the soil carbon stock overestimation, especially at the surface and an improvement of the estimates of the carbon age. This assumes that we should focus more on vertical variation of soil parameters as a function of depth, mainly for diffusion, in order to upgrade the representation of global carbon cycle in LSMs, thereby helping to improve predictions of the future response of soil organic carbon to global warming.

scholarly journals The southern Brazilian grassland biome: soil carbon stocks, fluxes of greenhouse gases and some options for mitigation

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (3 suppl) ◽  
pp. 673-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
VD Pillar ◽  
CG Tornquist ◽  
C Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
Soil Carbon Stocks ◽  
Grassland Biome

The southern Brazilian grassland biome contains highly diverse natural ecosystems that have been used for centuries for grazing livestock and that also provide other important environmental services. Here we outline the main factors controlling ecosystem processes, review and discuss the available data on soil carbon stocks and greenhouse gases emissions from soils, and suggest opportunities for mitigation of climatic change. The research on carbon and greenhouse gases emissions in these ecosystems is recent and the results are still fragmented. The available data indicate that the southern Brazilian natural grassland ecosystems under adequate management contain important stocks of organic carbon in the soil, and therefore their conservation is relevant for the mitigation of climate change. Furthermore, these ecosystems show a great and rapid loss of soil organic carbon when converted to crops based on conventional tillage practices. However, in the already converted areas there is potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by using cropping systems based on no soil tillage and cover-crops, and the effect is mainly related to the potential of these crop systems to accumulate soil organic carbon in the soil at rates that surpass the increased soil nitrous oxide emissions. Further modelling with these results associated with geographic information systems could generate regional estimates of carbon balance.

Spatial Distribution and Reserves Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Based on GIS in Maiji Area of Tianshui

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Ai Hong Gai ◽  
Ren Zhi Zhang ◽  
Fang Chen ◽  
Xiao Long Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Carbon Density ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Density ◽  
Secondary Survey ◽  
Organic Carbon Storage

The soil organic carbon density and storage of Maiji Area of Tianshui was estmiated, using the data of 6060 soil profile from the second soil survey of China and formulating fertilization for soil conditions in 2008. Integrating the soil map, land use status map and district map of Maiji Area of Tianshui, the index of the characteristic of soil organic distribution in different soil and soil layers were analyzed. Results showed: the soil of Maiji area have low average density, when soil secondary census, depths of 5cm,20cm,1m average density of organic carbon are 0.92kg•m-2,3.31kg•m-2,7.79kg•m-2 respectively, average density of organic carbon at depth of 20cm is 2.43 kg•m-2 in 2008 years, As a standard of Yu Dongsheng’s (2005) estimation of average density of 9.60 kg•m-2 in the depth of 1m all over the China, Maiji area 1m deep soil organic carbon density is lower 1.91kg•m-2 than the average density of whole country; The calculation of the secondary survey, reserves of organic carbon in surface soil (0-5cm) is about 4.83×106t, reserves of organic carbon in fall (0-20cm) is about 12.46×106t, reserves of soil organic carbon in 1m depth is about 45.17×106t, reserves of soil organic carbon in fall (0-20cm) is about 18.55×106t in 2008 years. In a word, the soil organic carbon storage was relatively indigent in Maiji Area of Tianshui.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Value of Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Services under Different Scenarios in the Central China (the Qinling-Daba Mountain Area)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyang Yu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Zixiang Zhou ◽  
Li Zeng ◽  
Cheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Mountain Area

The Qinling-Daba Mountain area is a transitional zone between north and south China and not much is known about its carbon storage, particularly its pool of soil organic carbon (SOC). Given this shortcoming, more reliable information regarding its SOC is needed. In light of this, we quantified above and below-ground carbon sinks using both the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach (CASA) model and an improved carbon cycle process model. We also assessed the net present value (NPV) for carbon budgets under different carbon price and discount rate scenarios using the NPV model. Our results indicated that the net primary productivity (NPP) was lower in places with low density forests that were situated at high elevation. The spatial distribution of carbon storage depended on NPP production and litter decompositon, which reflected specific vegetation as well as temperature and moisture gradients. The lowest amounts of carbon storage were in the center of the Qinling Mountains and also partly in the Daba area, which is a location associated with sparse grassland. Contrastingly, the broad-leaved forested area showed the highest amount of carbon storage. NPV was positively correlated with discount rate and carbon prices, thus resulting in the highest values in the forests and grassland. The net present value of total soil carbon sequestration in the six scenarios in 2015 was 3.555 b yuan, 3.621 b yuan, 5.421 b yuan, 5.579 b yuan, 7.530 b yuan, 7.929 b yuan; The net present value of total soil carbon sequestration in 6 scenarios in 2017 is 2.816 b yuan, 2.845 b yuan, 4.361 b yuan, 4.468 b yuan, 6.144 b yuan, 6.338 b yuan (billion = 109; b; RMB is the legal currency of the China, and its unit is yuan, 1 euro = 7.7949 yuan, and 1 pound = 9.2590 yuan). Levying a carbon tax would be a notable option for decision makers as they develop carbon emission reduction policies. Given this, incorporating discount rates and carbon pricing would allow for more realistic value estimations of soil organic carbon. This approach would also provide a theoretical basis and underscore the practical significance for the government to set a reasonable carbon price.

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