Optical Sensors for Multi-Axis Angle and Displacement Measurement Using Grating Reflectors

In dimensional metrology it is necessary to carry out multi-axis angle and displacement measurement for high-precision positioning. Although the state-of-the-art linear displacement sensors have sub-nanometric measurement resolution, it is not easy to suppress the increase of measurement uncertainty when being applied for multi-axis angle and displacement measurement due to the Abbe errors and the influences of sensor misalignment. In this review article, the state-of-the-art multi-axis optical sensors, such as the three-axis autocollimator, the three-axis planar encoder, and the six-degree-of-freedom planar encoder based on a planar scale grating are introduced. With the employment of grating reflectors, measurement of multi-axis translational and angular displacement can be carried out while employing a single laser beam. Fabrication methods of a large-area planar scale grating based on a single-point diamond cutting with the fast tool servo technique and the interference lithography are also presented, followed by the description of the evaluation method of the large-area planar scale grating based on the Fizeau interferometer.

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Solar control: Comparsion of two new systems with the state of the art on the basis of a new general evaluation method for facades with venetian blinds or other solar control systems

Energy and Buildings ◽

10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.10.001 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 661-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Tilmann E. Kuhn

Keyword(s):

Control Systems ◽

Evaluation Method ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

General Evaluation ◽

Venetian Blinds ◽

Solar Control

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Low-Latency and Minor-Error Architecture for Parallel Computing XY-Like Functions with High-Precision Floating-Point Inputs

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics11010069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Ming Liu ◽

Wenjia Fu ◽

Jincheng Xia

Keyword(s):

High Precision ◽

Relative Error ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Latency Period ◽

Limited Range ◽

The State ◽

Floating Point ◽

Cordic Algorithm ◽

Maximum Relative Error ◽

Large Area

This paper proposes a novel architecture for the computation of XY-like functions based on the QH CORDIC (Quadruple-Step-Ahead Hyperbolic Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) methodology. The proposed architecture converts direct computing of function XY to logarithm, multiplication, and exponent operations. The QH CORDIC methodology is a parallel variant of the traditional CORDIC algorithm. Traditional CORDIC suffers from long latency and large area, while the QH CORDIC has much lower latency. The computation of functions lnx and ex is accomplished with the QH CORDIC. To solve the problem of the limited range of convergence of the QH CORDIC, this paper employs two specific techniques to enlarge the range of convergence for functions lnx and ex, making it possible to deal with high-precision floating-point inputs. Hardware modeling of function XY using the QH CORDIC is plotted in this paper. Under the TSMC 65 nm standard cell library, this paper designs and synthesizes a reference circuit. The ASIC implementation results show that the proposed architecture has 30 more orders of magnitude of maximum relative error and average relative error than the state-of-the-art. On top of that, the proposed architecture is also superior to the state-of-the-art in terms of latency, word length and energy efficiency (power × latency × period /efficient bits).

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Towards sector specific security operation

Electronic Imaging ◽

10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.3.mobmu-254 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (3) ◽

pp. 254-1-254-10

Author(s):

Michael Pilgermann ◽

Sören Werth ◽

Reiner Creutzburg

Keyword(s):

Medical Practice ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Single Point ◽

Health Sector ◽

The State ◽

Critical Infrastructures ◽

It Security ◽

German Health ◽

Cyber Threat ◽

Threat Situation

Many organisations, especially Critical Infrastructures, are facing an increasingly severe cyber threat situation and are continuously improving their IT-security. We present the state of the art of sector specific security operation of CI operators with the German health sector as an example. To improve the situation we propose several spheres of activity with practical exemplary measures, e.g. for relevant protocols. In this way we help to prepare a CI sector governance with sourcing options for security operation for all relevant actors: from the responsible authorities in the country via a single point of contact in the health sector to hospital centres and the medical practice.

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Industrial-Scale Production of High-Quality Graphene Sheets by Millstone Grinders

Journal of Physics D Applied Physics ◽

10.1088/1361-6463/ac4652 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peng Lv ◽

Xiaoshi Li ◽

Zihan Zhang ◽

Biao Nie ◽

Yiliang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Industrial Scale ◽

Graphene Sheets ◽

Scale Production ◽

Large Area ◽

High Quality ◽

Art Methods ◽

Mechanical Cleavage

Abstract Graphene exhibits a variety of unprecedented innate properties and has sparked great interest in both fundamental science and regarding prospective commercial applications. To meet the ever-increasing demand for high-quality graphene sheets, an industrial-scale, reliable, environmental-friendly, low-cost production process is required. However, large-scale production high quality graphene remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a scalable mechanical cleavage method for large-quantity production of high quality large-area and few-layer graphene sheets by introducing a millstone grinding process. The average thickness of the graphene sheets is around 5 nm. This procedure is simpler than the state-of-the-art methods that allows for scalable preparation of graphene dispersion in hundreds of litres by mechanical cleavage of graphite, and the yield is 30-40%. The size of the prepared graphene sheets can be tuneable from few micrometres to tens of micrometres by varying the dimension of raw graphite, which is larger than that produced by the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, comparing to conductive agents, the conductivity of wafers containing graphene can be increased by one order of magnitude, suggesting a high potential of the prepared graphene sheets for the application as conductive agent in lithium battery cathodes. This allows the requirements of different sizes graphene sheets for industry applications in different fields.

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The State-of-the-Art in Nano-Turning

ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference ◽

10.1115/msec2007-31013 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael C. Schmittdiel ◽

Rodolfo E. Haber Guerra ◽

A´ngel Escribano ◽

Javier Escribano

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Single Point ◽

The State ◽

Tool Geometry ◽

Machining Parameters ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Nano Scale ◽

Systems Research ◽

Automation Systems ◽

The Impact

The state-of-the-art in nano-turning is evolving rapidly due to the economic and application benefits that nano-scale engineering creates. This paper describes the state of the art in nano-turning with a focus on single point diamond tools (SPDT) and integrated sensory systems. Research in this area has thus far lagged behind other nano-scale research efforts in the chemical and biological sciences. Discussion of the fundamentals of nano-scale turning is presented along with the state-of-the-art in sensor systems. Surface finish is a critical performance characteristic for nano-turned parts, which is detailed in terms of the impact of machining parameters, tool geometry, and material anisotropy. Ongoing research into computer modeling of the cutting mechanics at the nano-scale is presented. Sensors and automation systems for nano-turning are discussed with a focus on active control and in-process adjustments. Finally, recommendations are given for the future of nano-turning and nano-scale machining in general.

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Formability in single point incremental forming: A comparative analysis of the state of the art

CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.cirpj.2016.07.003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 43-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Tegan McAnulty ◽

Jack Jeswiet ◽

Matthew Doolan

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Incremental Forming ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Single Point ◽

The State ◽

Single Point Incremental Forming

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Practical Picture Processing

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051700 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 338-339

Author(s):

T. A. Welton

Keyword(s):

Radiation Damage ◽

Coherence Length ◽

Spatial Information ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Coherent Radiation ◽

The State ◽

Energy Spread ◽

Electron Micrograph ◽

Picture Processing ◽

Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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