scholarly journals Lot-Size Models with Uncertain Demand Considering Its Skewness/Kurtosis and Stochastic Programming Applied to Hospital Pharmacy with Sensor-Related COVID-19 Data

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5198
Author(s):  
Fernando Rojas ◽  
Víctor Leiva ◽  
Mauricio Huerta ◽  
Carlos Martin-Barreiro
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Programming ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Demand Patterns ◽  
Skewness And Kurtosis

Governments have been challenged to provide timely medical care to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Under this pandemic, the demand for pharmaceutical products has changed significantly. Some of these products are in high demand, while, for others, their demand falls sharply. These changes in the random demand patterns are connected with changes in the skewness (asymmetry) and kurtosis of their data distribution. Such changes are critical to determining optimal lots and inventory costs. The lot-size model helps to make decisions based on probabilistic demand when calculating the optimal costs of supply using two-stage stochastic programming. The objective of this study is to evaluate how the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution of demand data, collected through sensors, affect the modeling of inventories of hospital pharmacy products helpful to treat COVID-19. The use of stochastic programming allows us to obtain results under demand uncertainty that are closer to reality. We carry out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of our methodology under different demand scenarios with diverse degrees of skewness and kurtosis. A case study in the field of hospital pharmacy with sensor-related COVID-19 data is also provided. An algorithm that permits us to use sensors when submitting requests for supplying pharmaceutical products in the hospital treatment of COVID-19 is designed. We show that the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis impact the total costs of inventory that involve order, purchase, holding, and shortage. We conclude that the asymmetry and kurtosis of the demand statistical distribution do not seem to affect the first-stage lot-size decisions. However, demand patterns with high positive skewness are related to significant increases in expected inventories on hand and shortage, increasing the costs of second-stage decisions. Thus, demand distributions that are highly asymmetrical to the right and leptokurtic favor high total costs in probabilistic lot-size systems.

scholarly journals Application of material requirement planning method in raw materials planning on sardine product in PT. Blambangan Foodpackers Indonesia

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 2067-2072
Author(s):  
H.D. Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
Material Requirement Planning ◽  
Material Requirement ◽  
Total Inventory ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Company

PT. Blambangan Foodpackers Indonesia is one of the big companies in the Banyuwangi area and is a company engaged in the manufacturing industry that is a company processing canned fish. The number of constraints in planning raw material inventories that cause the occurrence of excess or accumulation of raw materials and shortages causes freezing of operational costs. The implementation of the material requirement planning (MRP) system is expected to be able to find out the optimal amount of raw material inventory and the right ordering time to meet production needs with optimal costs. This study was aimed to determine the exact lot size technique based on inventory costs and to compare the MRP method with inventory in the company based on total inventory costs. The research method used was the determination of the lot size and MRP system. The results showed that the lot for lot method for ASCK cans, ASCB cans, ASTB cans, and pasta, while EOQ for ASTK cans, ASEPK cans, sugar, salt and flour. The MRP system in each raw material can be used as an indicator to minimize total inventory costs when compared to the company's method during the previous period.

scholarly journals COVID - 19 AS A “SIGNIFICANT CIRCUMSTANCE” FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN LIFE INSURANCE (IN AND AFTER THE PANDEMIC)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željka Primorac
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
The Right

The data on the health status of a policyholder represent a significant circumstance for risk assessment and concluding a life insurance contract, and are also legally relevant circumstances for exercising the rights from that contract. The author starts from a theoretical analysis of the perception of data on the health status of policyholders as personal data, comparing the right to confidentiality of such data with the duty to report them (before concluding a life insurance contract) in terms of reporting all circumstances relevant to the insurance risk assessment. In order to properly fulfil the obligation of pre-contractual nature, the paper analyses the legal norms governing this issue and also provides a comparative overview of the Croatian and German insurance legislation with special emphasis on the scope of health data that the insurer is authorised to require, the clarity of legal standards and legal insurance norms contained in the insurance questionnaires and the life insurance offer. Presenting the importance of COVID-19 infection and possible chronic consequences for human health, the author indicates the extent to which COVID-19 infection (mild or severe form of disease, possible need for hospital treatment) will have an impact on the design of new insurance questionnaires and the relevance of genetic testing results in the context of concluding future life insurance contracts.

The Idea of Human Rights in Conditions of Hospital Treatment

2016 ◽  
pp. 1147-1165
Author(s):  
Bogusław Sygit ◽  
Damian Wąsik
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
European Court ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The aim of this chapter is describing of the influence of universal human rights and civil liberties on the formation of standards for hospital care. The authors present definition of the right to life and the right to health. Moreover in the section it is discussed modern standards of hospital treatment under the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality. The authors discuss in detail about selected examples realization of human rights in the treatment of hospital and forms of their violation. During the presentation of these issues, the authors analyze a provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and use a number of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights issued in matters concerning human rights abuses in the course of treatment and hospitalization.

scholarly journals Capturing the Risk-Pooling Effect through Inventory Planning and Demand Switching

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsun Chuan Cho ◽  
Ying Jiun Hsieh ◽  
Lan Ying Huang
Keyword(s):  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Competitive Bidding ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Inventory Planning ◽  
Switching Rate ◽  
Risk Pooling ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Outsourcing Strategies

This paper demonstrates how firms can deal with demand uncertainty through inventory planning and demand switching, which take advantage of the risk-pooling effect and contribute to supply-chain sustainability. Considering two types of products and two outsourcing strategies (competitive bidding, and consignment stock under the (Q, R) inventory policy with variable lead times), the study helps determine the appropriate outsourcing strategy when a firm practices demand switching. Under certain conditions, the study further identifies the proper demand-switching direction and optimum switching-rate to achieve the minimum total purchase and inventory costs in association with outsourcing. Prior research generally implies that demand switching increases costs or profit benefits. This implication, however, does not hold true in the present context. The study presents numerical examples to illustrate the derived models. The findings enrich the extant literature by incorporating demand switching into the outsourcing practices, which is beneficial to both practitioners and scholars.

Emergency and Disaster Medicine: Assignments and Perspectives

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-257
Author(s):  
L. Koslowski
Keyword(s):  
German Society ◽  
Disaster Medicine ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Eugene Ionesco ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses

Eugene Ionesco once remarked that an excess of politics and an exaggeration of sports are characteristics of our contemporary civilization. The excess of politization affects all parts of our public life, including medicine and its specialty Disaster Medicine. Political ideologies try to usurp a field that has solely humanitarian objectives, that depends on providing for and applying relief to many people in acute distress. There are already many relief organizations and ambulance services, physician staffed emergency medical services systems and first aid trained laymen. There are state and federal disaster relief authorities. Why then was it necessary to add another organization to this sometimes confusing manifold, the German Society on Disaster Medicine?Emergency medicine is for the individual. It must provide optimal care for each single injured or sick person — except for the shortterm management of multiple casualties. Emergency medical missions are limited by time and locality. These missions are hospital services extended to the scene of the accident and work in connection with hospitals. Disaster medicine is for the masses. Its task is to do the best possible for the largest number of people at the right time and at the right place. This implies that in a disaster situation, optimal care for every single individual can and should not be the goal, but rather the best possible care for the largest number. Disaster medicine has to work in large areas, supraregional and long-term. It needs numerous treatment facilities and several steps or levels of treatment. Therefore it requires a firm medical coordination of lay help, primary professional help, transportation, and specialized hospital treatment with maximal efficiency.

scholarly journals Simulation-Based Optimization of a Two-Echelon Continuous Review Inventory Model with Lot Size-Dependent Lead Time

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alharkan ◽  
Mustafa Saleh ◽  
Mageed Ghaleb ◽  
Abdulsalam Farhan ◽  
Ahmed Badwelan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Continuous Review ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Simulation Based Optimization ◽  
Total Inventory

This study analyzes a stochastic continuous review inventory system (Q,r) using a simulation-based optimization model. The lead time depends on lot size, unit production time, setup time, and a shop floor factor that represents moving, waiting, and lot size inspection times. A simulation-based model is proposed for optimizing order quantity (Q) and reorder point (r) that minimize the total inventory costs (holding, backlogging, and ordering costs) in a two-echelon supply chain, which consists of two identical retailers, a distributor, and a supplier. The simulation model is created with Arena software and validated using an analytical model. The model is interfaced with the OptQuest optimization tool, which is embedded in the Arena software, to search for the least cost lot sizes and reorder points. The proposed model is designed for general demand distributions that are too complex to be solved analytically. Hence, for the first time, the present study considers the stochastic inventory continuous review policy (Q,r) in a two-echelon supply chain system with lot size-dependent lead time L(Q). An experimental study is conducted, and results are provided to assess the developed model. Results show that the optimized Q and r for different distributions of daily demand are not the same even if the associated total inventory costs are close to each other.

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