Determination of Formaldehyde Yields in E-Cigarette Aerosols: An Evaluation of the Efficiency of the DNPH Derivatization Method

Recent reports have suggested that (1) formaldehyde levels (measured as a hydrazone derivative using the DNPH derivatization method) in Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) products were underreported because formaldehyde may react with propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin (Gly) in the aerosol to form hemiacetals; (2) the equilibrium would shift from the hemiacetals to the acetals in the acidic DNPH trapping solution. In both cases, neither the hemiacetal nor the acetal would react with DNPH to form the target formaldehyde hydrazone, due to the lack of the carbonyl functional group, thus underreporting formaldehyde. These reports were studied in our laboratory. Our results showed that the aerosol generated from formaldehyde-fortified e-liquids provided a near-quantitative recovery of formaldehyde in the aerosol, suggesting that if any hemiacetal was formed in the aerosol, it would readily hydrolyze to free formaldehyde and, consequently, form formaldehyde hydrazone in the acidic DNPH trapping solution. We demonstrated that custom-synthesized Gly and PG hemiacetal adducts added to the DNPH trapping solution would readily hydrolyze to form the formaldehyde hydrazone. We demonstrated that acetals of PG and Gly present in e-liquid are almost completely transferred to the aerosol during aerosolization. The study results demonstrate that the DNPH derivatization method allows for an accurate measurement of formaldehyde in vapor products.

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Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in China: Evidence from Citywide Representative Surveys from Five Chinese Cities in 2018

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2541 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jidong Huang ◽

Zongshuan Duan ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Pamela B. Redmon ◽

Michael P. Eriksen

Keyword(s):

Delivery Systems ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Individual Level ◽

Use Patterns ◽

The Past ◽

Nicotine Delivery ◽

Study Results ◽

Consuming Country

China is the largest cigarette consuming country in the world. The emergence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in China may have important implications for the Chinese tobacco market. Unfortunately, research on ENDS in China, while growing, is still limited. This study was designed to examine the awareness and use of ENDS among adult urban residents in China. Data from five citywide representative surveys conducted in 2017–2018 were used. Percentages of residents who had ever heard of, ever used, or used ENDS in the past 30 days among all residents and smokers were estimated, in total and by demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted associations between awareness and use of ENDS and individual-level demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status (SES). Overall, 51.3% had ever heard, 4.8% ever used, and 0.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days. Men, young adults, those with high levels of education, and current smokers were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Among smokers, 67.8% had ever heard, 17.1% ever used, and 3.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days, respectively. Young adult smokers and smokers with high levels of education were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Our study results on ENDS awareness and use patterns and associated factors in China provide important evidence to inform research and policies related to ENDS manufacture, marketing, and sales in China.

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E-Cigarettes: Policy Options and Legal Issues Amidst Uncertainty

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/jlme.12209 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (S1) ◽

pp. 23-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nancy Kaufman ◽

Margaret Mahoney

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Propylene Glycol ◽

Open System ◽

Closed System ◽

Open Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Legal Issues ◽

Policy Options ◽

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽

Closed Systems

E-cigarettes, sometimes referred to as ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems), include a broad range of products that deliver nicotine via heating and aerosolization of the drug. ENDS come in a variety of forms, but regardless of form generally consist of a solution containing humectant (e.g., propylene glycol or glycerol), flavorings, and usually nicotine (some solutions do not contain nicotine); a battery-powered coil that heats the solution into an aerosol (usually referred to as vapor) in an atomizing chamber; and a mouthpiece through which the user draws the vapor into the mouth and lungs. The devices may be closed systems containing prefilled cartridges, or open systems, where the user manually refills a 1-2 ml. tank with solution. What started as closed-system cigarette-shaped devices marketed as an adjunct for smoking cessation, has transitioned rapidly to literally thousands of hip and funky-designed open-system hookah pens, vape pens, and modifiable devices. For younger people, these forms are the “in” thing, while traditional cigarette-shaped devices are “out.”

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Room air constituent concentrations from use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and cigarettes using different ventilation conditions

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-80963-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael J. Oldham ◽

Anil Sehgal ◽

Gal Cohen ◽

Joey Chen ◽

Blair Evans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Propylene Glycol ◽

Particle Number ◽

Exposure Period ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Number Concentration ◽

Particle Number Concentration ◽

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽

Nicotine Delivery ◽

Group I ◽

Ad Libitum

AbstractTo assess potential exposure of non-users to exhaled constituents from pod and cartridge electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) products, an environmental clinical study was conducted with (n = 43) healthy adult smokers. Room air concentrations of 34 selected constituents (nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, 15 carbonyls, 12 volatile organic compounds, and 4 trace metals) and particle number concentration (0.3 to 25 µm) were compared from use of two ENDS products and conventional cigarettes using room ventilations representative of a residential, an office or a hospitality setting over a 4-h. exposure period. Products used were JUUL ENDS, Virginia Tobacco flavor (Group I), VUSE Solo, Original flavor (Group II) (5.0 and 4.8% nicotine by weight, respectively) and subjects’ own conventional cigarettes (Group III). Cumulative 4-h room air sampling and particle counting were performed during prescribed (Groups I and II) and ad libitum product use (all Groups). Conventional cigarette use resulted in significantly more constituents detected and higher 4-h cumulative constituent concentrations compared to use of the ENDS products tested, except for the predominant ENDS ingredients, propylene glycol and glycerin. Use of conventional cigarettes also resulted in greater total particle number concentration than either prescribed or ad libitum use of either of the ENDS used in this study.

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Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Rejection Measure

PsycTESTS Dataset ◽

10.1037/t77883-000 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Scott R. Weaver ◽

J. Wesley Heath ◽

David L. Ashley ◽

Jidong Huang ◽

Terry F. Pechacek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Delivery Systems ◽

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽

Nicotine Delivery

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Solubilization of Trans-Resveratrol in Some Mono-Solvents and Various Propylene Glycol + Water Mixtures

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3091

Author(s):

Mohammed Ghazwani ◽

Prawez Alam ◽

Mohammed H. Alqarni ◽

Hasan S. Yusufoglu ◽

Faiyaz Shakeel

Keyword(s):

Propylene Glycol ◽

Mole Fraction ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Solubility Parameters ◽

Hansen Solubility Parameters ◽

Neat Water ◽

Dissolution Properties ◽

Hansen Solubility

This research deals with the determination of solubility, Hansen solubility parameters, dissolution properties, enthalpy–entropy compensation, and computational modeling of a naturally-derived bioactive compound trans-resveratrol (TRV) in water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, propylene glycol (PG), and various PG + water mixtures. The solubility of TRV in six different mono-solvents and various PG + water mixtures was determined at 298.2–318.2 K and 0.1 MPa. The measured experimental solubility values of TRV were regressed using six different computational/theoretical models, including van’t Hoff, Apelblat, Buchowski–Ksiazczak λh, Yalkowsly–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree, and van’t Hoff–Jouyban–Acree models, with average uncertainties of less than 3.0%. The maxima of TRV solubility in mole fraction was obtained in neat PG (2.62 × 10−2) at 318.2 K. However, the minima of TRV solubility in the mole fraction was recorded in neat water (3.12 × 10−6) at 298.2 K. Thermodynamic calculation of TRV dissolution properties suggested an endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution of TRV in all studied mono-solvents and various PG + water mixtures. Solvation behavior evaluation indicated an enthalpy-driven mechanism as the main mechanism for TRV solvation. Based on these data and observations, PG has been chosen as the best mono-solvent for TRV solubilization.

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