scholarly journals Integrated Assessment of Economic Losses in Manufacturing Industry in Shanghai Metropolitan Area Under an Extreme Storm Flood Scenario

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijiang Li ◽  
Jiahong Wen ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Xiande Li ◽  
Shiqiang Du
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Manufacturing Firm ◽  
Capacity Loss ◽  
Extreme Storm

In this paper, we developed an integrated methodology for assessing asset damage, production capacity loss, and inter-sector ripple loss using the depth-damage curve, Cobb-Douglas production function and Input-Output model. We applied this methodology to the detailed individual manufacturing firms in Shanghai under an extreme storm floods scenario to simulate the disaster impact propagation from local individual firms to the entire industrial system and comprehensively estimate the resulting economic losses and their spatial distribution. Our results show that given no floodwall protection, a 1000-year storm flood scenario would cause direct asset damage of US $21 billion to the Shanghai manufacturing industry, including fixed asset damage of US $12 billion and inventory damage of US $9 billion. Due to the shortage of input productive factors of asset and labor, it would further lead to production capacity loss of US $24 billion. In addition, affected manufacturing industry would indirectly result in ripple loss of US $60 billion among dependent sectors, which has a significant amplifier effect. Our results have important implications for reasonable cost-benefit analysis of structural flood control measures in coastal areas, as well as for manufacturing firm location planning and resilience strategy decision-making.

What's it Worth? Improving Surface Water Quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Newsome ◽  
C. D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.

Cost benefit analysis of bovine mastitis in the UK

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey S. Beck ◽  
William S. Wise ◽  
Frank H. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
The Uk

SummaryBovine mastitis reduces the yield and quality of milk and increases the rate of culling and veterinary costs. This reduces the profitability of farm milk production but the calculation of the extent of this economic loss is complex because of the many factors involved and deficiencies in the evidence on the relationship between the disease and various production factors. This paper examines the available evidence for the UK and provides a consistent analytical framework within which the benefits arising from reduced mastitis in dairy herds constrained by quota can be considered. It is estimated that since 1970 the farms that have followed the recommended control procedures have reduced the average annual number of cases of clinical mastitis from 135 to 40 cases/100 cows each year, while the quarters remaining uninfected for a whole year has increased from 65 to 80% of the total quarters. The costs of the main control procedures (e.g. £8–60/cow for dry-cow therapy and teat dipping or spraying) are broadly covered by the reduction in clinical mastitis, leaving the benefits of reduced subclinical infection (e.g. £3810 for a 100 cow herd unconstrained by quota and achieving the average reduction in infection) as a substantial bonus. The imposition of quotas reduces the financial benefit of mastitis control but it still remains a worthwhile investment. The results of this analysis can be used to suggest maximum costs of additional new control measures produced by research. It also indicates that there is considerable value in production research which gives more precise knowledge of production Systems, thus allowing producers to respond optimally to quota cuts.

scholarly journals Small watershed management as a tool of flood risk prevention

2014 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jakubinsky ◽  
R. Bacova ◽  
E. Svobodova ◽  
P. Kubicek ◽  
V. Herber
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
National Level ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Small Streams

Abstract. According to the International Disaster Database (CRED 2009) frequency of extreme hydrological situations on a global scale is constantly increasing. The most typical example of a natural risk in Europe is flood – there is a decrease in the number of victims, but a significant increase in economic damage. A decrease in the number of victims is caused by the application of current hydrological management that focuses its attention primarily on large rivers and elimination of the damages caused by major flood situations. The growing economic losses, however, are a manifestation of the increasing intensity of floods on small watercourses, which are usually not sufficiently taken into account by the management approaches. The research of small streams should focus both on the study of the watercourse itself, especially its ecomorphological properties, and in particular on the possibility of flood control measures and their effectiveness. An important part of society’s access to sustainable development is also the evolution of knowledge about the river landscape area, which is perceived as a significant component of global environmental security and resilience, thanks to its high compensatory potential for mitigation of environmental change. The findings discussed under this contribution are based on data obtained during implementation of the project "GeoRISK" (Geo-analysis of landscape level degradation and natural risks formation), which takes into account the above approaches applied in different case studies – catchments of small streams in different parts of the Czech Republic. Our findings offer an opportunity for practical application of field research knowledge in decision making processes within the national level of current water management.

scholarly journals Estimating the Production Losses Due to Cystic Echinococcosis in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
savaş sarıözkan ◽  
Mehmet Küçükoflaz
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Production Losses

Abstract Cystic echinococcosis (CE), is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease among livestock diseases, that causes low productivity (meat, milk, fecundity), profitability and significant economic losses in water buffalo farms and serious public health problem all over the world. This study aimed at estimating the direct (condemned offal) and indirect (meat, milk, and fecundity losses) production losses due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in water buffaloes in Turkey. A spreadsheet loss model was constructed, and the mean prevalence rate of CE was accepted as 16.4% (3.8% in males and 21.7% in females) in water buffaloes in Turkey. The annual financial losses were estimated with official and previously published data under expected (mean value), optimistic (lowered by 10%), and pessimistic (increased by 10%) scenarios with the prices current in 2020. The production losses in an infected male and female water buffalo were estimated at $54.3 and 105.3, respectively. The nation-wide losses due to CE were estimated at $1.7 million (1.4-2.1) for water buffaloes annually. In conclusion, farmers, policymakers, and the public need to be informed about the risks and financial impact of CE, and control/eradication programs should be included in policies of government at the national level after a cost/benefit analysis.

scholarly journals Balancing costs and benefits of pandemic control in an outbreak phase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hondou
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Applicable Knowledge

Abstract After the first lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries faced difficulties in balancing infection control with economics. Due to limited prior knowledge, economists began researching this issue using cost-benefit analysis and found that infection control processes significantly affect economic efficiency. Rowthorn and Maciejowski [R. Rowthorn and J.A. Maciejowski, Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy 36, S38 (2020)] used economic parameters in the United Kingdom to numerically demonstrate that an optimal balance was found in the process, including keeping the infected population stationary. However, universally applicable knowledge, which is indispensable for the guiding principles of infection control, has not yet been developed because these analyses assume regional parameters and a specific disease. Here, we prove the universal result of economic irreversibility by applying the idea of thermodynamics to pandemic control. It means that delaying infection control measures is more expensive than implementing infection control measures early while keeping infected populations stationary. This implies that once the infected population increases, society cannot return to its previous state without extra expenditures. This universal result is analytically obtained by focusing on the infection-spreading phase of pandemics, which is applicable not only to COVID-19, and whether or not “herd immunity” exists. It also confirms the numerical observation of stationary infected populations in its optimally efficient process. Our findings suggest that economic irreversibility is a guiding principle for balancing infection control with economic effects.

Response: The Use of Economic Analysis in Public Policy

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Wiewel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
The University ◽  
Environment Cost

Morales and colleagues deserve credit for extending traditional economic analysis by using anthropological field data and applying midlevel economic tools to policy analysis. However, their analysis is problematic because it exaggerates how many benefits would be lost if the Maxwell Street Market were moved, ignores the costs imposed by the market, and does not consider the economic benefits of the university's proposed land use. Even very moderate success of the university's plans will more than compensate for the economic losses caused by the market's move. It was politically impossible for the university to implement its expansion plans while maintaining the market. Such difficult choices inevitably arise in a complex urban environment. Cost-benefit analysis is a useful tool, but provides only some of the information that enters into the decision-making process. Thus analysts must be modest in the claims they make for the policy relevance of their data.

scholarly journals How does a nature-based solution for flood control compare to a technical solution? Case study evidence from Belgium

AMBIO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Turkelboom ◽  
Rolinde Demeyer ◽  
Liesbet Vranken ◽  
Piet De Becker ◽  
Filip Raymaekers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Sufficient Space

AbstractThe strategy of reconnecting rivers with their floodplains currently gains popularity because it not only harnesses natural capacities of floodplains but also increases social co-benefits and biodiversity. In this paper, we present an example of a successfully implemented nature-based solution (NBS) in the Dijle valley in the centre of Belgium. The research objective is to retrospectively assess cost and benefit differences between a technical solution (storm basins) and an alternative NBS, here the restoration of the alluvial floodplain. The method is a comparative social cost–benefit analysis. The case study analysis reveals similar flood security, lower costs, more ecosystem services benefits and higher biodiversity values associated with the NBS option in comparison to the technical alternative. However, the business case for working with NBS depends substantially on the spatial and socio-ecological context. Chances for successful NBS implementation increase in conditions of sufficient space to retain flood water, when flood water is of sufficient quality, and when economic activity and housing in the floodplain is limited.

scholarly journals Integrating social, economic, and environmental risk into flood management of aging dam infrastructure by combining cost-benefit and multi-criteria decision analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyndi V. Castro ◽  
Hanadi S. Rifai
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Management planning for aging dam infrastructure is typically conducted through the lens of a traditional cost-benefit analysis, in which flood characteristics are related to implementation costs while lacking endogenous consideration of environmental risks (i.e., pollutant dispersion, habitat disruption) and social impacts (i.e., vulnerability, community buy-in, hazard resiliency). To address this gap, we integrate cost-benefit ratios into a spatial multi-criterion decision analysis framework that amalgamates a suite of social and environmental criteria with stakeholder-defined weights and inundation outputs from standard flood control modelling. We use this framework to assess the costs and trade-offs for eight (8) alternative mitigation strategies associated with the Addicks and Barker Reservoir System in Houston, Texas, USA under extreme rainfall conditions. This case study illustrates how the total effectiveness of flood management scenarios may shift when flood modelling outputs are combined with spatially distributed environmental and social risks. We merge quantitative and qualitative data for high-risk decision-making, thereby fostering stakeholder collaboration amongst conflicting goals.

scholarly journals Balancing costs and benefits of pandemic control in an outbreak phase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hondou
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Applicable Knowledge

Abstract After the first lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries faced difficulties in balancing infection control with economics. Due to limited prior knowledge1), economists began researching this issue2, 3, 4, 5, 6) using cost-benefit analysis7, 8) and found that infection control processes significantly affect economic efficiency. Rowthorn and Maciejowski2, 4) used economic parameters in the United Kingdom to numerically demonstrate that an optimal balance was found in the process, including keeping the infected population stationary. However, universally applicable knowledge, which is indispensable for guiding principles of infection control, has not yet been developed because these analyses assume regional parameters and a specific disease. Here, we prove the universal result of economic irreversibility by applying the idea of thermodynamics to pandemic control. It means that delaying infection control measures is more expensive than implementing infection control measures early while keeping infected populations stationary. This means that once the infected population increases, society cannot return to its previous state without extra expenditures. This universal result is analytically obtained by focusing on the infection-spreading phase of pandemics, which is not only applicable to COVID-19 and whether or not ‘herd immunity’ exists11, 12). It also confirms the numerical observation of stationary infected populations in its optimally efficient process2, 4). Our findings suggest that economic irreversibility is a guiding principle for balancing infection control with economic effects.

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study of Biogas Technology to Solving Peri-urban Sanitation Problems in Developing Countries. A Case for Harare, Zimbabwe

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
G Sibanda ◽  
D Musademba ◽  
H.C. Chihobo ◽  
L Zanamwe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
System A ◽  
Biogas Technology

This study investigated the feasibility of converting organic waste into energy using biogas technology to address sanitation problems in peri-urban suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe.These suburbs with an estimated population of 156.975 are unique in that they are not connected to the Harare main water sewer system. A baseline survey was conducted to determine the quantity of biodegradable human and kitchen waste (N=60). Biodigester sizing and costing was done for various scenarios mainly household standalone, single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. In addition potential biogas conversion to electricity was done for single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. This was followed by a cost benefit analysis of employing combined suburbs biogas technology. A combined suburbs centralised biogas model was found to be the most feasible scenario producing 7378 m3 of biogas per day with electricity production capacity of 384 kW .There was a potential of wood savings of 6129 tonnes/year, paraffin savings of 2.556 tonnes/year and greenhouse benefits of 980 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions/ year and which would attract U$2940 from carbon credits sales per year. The study recommended the adoption of the biogas technology because of its potential toaddress both economic and sanitation challenges being faced by local authorities in developing countries particularly, improved hygienic conditions, energy supply chronic epidemics and sewerreticulation.

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