scholarly journals Small watershed management as a tool of flood risk prevention

2014 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jakubinsky ◽  
R. Bacova ◽  
E. Svobodova ◽  
P. Kubicek ◽  
V. Herber
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
National Level ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Small Streams

Abstract. According to the International Disaster Database (CRED 2009) frequency of extreme hydrological situations on a global scale is constantly increasing. The most typical example of a natural risk in Europe is flood – there is a decrease in the number of victims, but a significant increase in economic damage. A decrease in the number of victims is caused by the application of current hydrological management that focuses its attention primarily on large rivers and elimination of the damages caused by major flood situations. The growing economic losses, however, are a manifestation of the increasing intensity of floods on small watercourses, which are usually not sufficiently taken into account by the management approaches. The research of small streams should focus both on the study of the watercourse itself, especially its ecomorphological properties, and in particular on the possibility of flood control measures and their effectiveness. An important part of society’s access to sustainable development is also the evolution of knowledge about the river landscape area, which is perceived as a significant component of global environmental security and resilience, thanks to its high compensatory potential for mitigation of environmental change. The findings discussed under this contribution are based on data obtained during implementation of the project "GeoRISK" (Geo-analysis of landscape level degradation and natural risks formation), which takes into account the above approaches applied in different case studies – catchments of small streams in different parts of the Czech Republic. Our findings offer an opportunity for practical application of field research knowledge in decision making processes within the national level of current water management.

scholarly journals Strategies to control high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the Belgian poultry sector

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Vandendriessche ◽  
X. Gellynck ◽  
H. Saatkamp ◽  
J. Viaene
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
High Pathogenic ◽  
High Pathogenic Avian Influenza

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) may pose a major threat for the Belgium poultry sector, as an outbreak of HPAI results in tremendous economic losses. In order to reduce the economic damage for an outbreak, different strategies to control HPAI are evaluated. In a first stage the structure of the Belgium poultry sector is described and risks are analyzed. The actual risks are dependent of the intensive character of poultry farming in Belgium, the large number of transport movements of living poultry, the presence of sensitive nature areas and the border with the Netherlands where the poultry density is even larger. In a second stage the possible intervention strategies are evaluated. Starting from the current regulation, two strategies are worked out: stamping out and emergency vaccination. The success of emergency vaccination is associated with the correct identification of compartments at risk, prompt deployment of emergency vaccines, rapid enforcement of appropriate complementary control measures and also the level of being ready. In a third stage an economic analysis of control strategies for HPAI outbreaks is made. Results suggest that from an economic point of view, stamping-out is at farm level a better option then emergency vaccination within the current context.

scholarly journals Impact of viral features, host jumps and phylogeography on the rapid evolution of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Giorgia Dotto ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus ◽  
Different Populations

AbstractAleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is one the most relevant pathogens of domestic mink, where it can cause significant economic losses, and wild species, which are considered a threat to mink farms. Despite their relevance, many aspects of the origin, evolution, and geographic and host spreading patterns of AMDV have never been investigated on a global scale using a comprehensive biostatistical approach. The present study, benefitting from a large dataset of sequences collected worldwide and several phylodynamic-based approaches, demonstrates the ancient origin of AMDV and its broad, unconstrained circulation from the initial intercontinental spread to the massive among-country circulation, especially within Europe, combined with local persistence and evolution. Clear expansion of the viral population size occurred over time until more effective control measures started to be applied. The role of frequent changes in epidemiological niches, including different hosts, in driving the high nucleotide and amino acid evolutionary rates was also explored by comparing the strengths of selective pressures acting on different populations. The obtained results suggest that the viral passage among locations and between wild and domesticated animals poses a double threat to farm profitability and animal welfare and health, which is particularly relevant for endangered species. Therefore, further efforts must be made to limit viral circulation and to refine our knowledge of factors enhancing AMDV spread, particularly at the wild-domestic interface.

scholarly journals Integrated Assessment of Economic Losses in Manufacturing Industry in Shanghai Metropolitan Area Under an Extreme Storm Flood Scenario

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijiang Li ◽  
Jiahong Wen ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Xiande Li ◽  
Shiqiang Du
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Manufacturing Firm ◽  
Capacity Loss ◽  
Extreme Storm

In this paper, we developed an integrated methodology for assessing asset damage, production capacity loss, and inter-sector ripple loss using the depth-damage curve, Cobb-Douglas production function and Input-Output model. We applied this methodology to the detailed individual manufacturing firms in Shanghai under an extreme storm floods scenario to simulate the disaster impact propagation from local individual firms to the entire industrial system and comprehensively estimate the resulting economic losses and their spatial distribution. Our results show that given no floodwall protection, a 1000-year storm flood scenario would cause direct asset damage of US $21 billion to the Shanghai manufacturing industry, including fixed asset damage of US $12 billion and inventory damage of US $9 billion. Due to the shortage of input productive factors of asset and labor, it would further lead to production capacity loss of US $24 billion. In addition, affected manufacturing industry would indirectly result in ripple loss of US $60 billion among dependent sectors, which has a significant amplifier effect. Our results have important implications for reasonable cost-benefit analysis of structural flood control measures in coastal areas, as well as for manufacturing firm location planning and resilience strategy decision-making.

scholarly journals Investigation of Flood Management and Mitigation Measures in Ungauged NATURA Protected Watersheds

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Aristeidis Kastridis ◽  
Georgios Theodosiou ◽  
Georgios Fotiadis
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Priority Habitat

The aim of this study is to investigate the flood management and mitigation measures in ungauged NATURA protected watersheds. The examined watersheds are located in one the most European significant NATURA areas (Prespa Natural Park North Greece). SCS-CN model was applied to perform the hydrological modeling for extreme rainfalls of 50, 100 and 1000 return periods. Extensive field research was conducted to record all the hydrotechnical works of the study area, to evaluate their current condition and measure the respective hydraulic characteristics. The results of the hydrological modeling showed that the flood danger in the study area is generally low. However, almost the half of the hydrotechnical works could not discharge the high and medium probability (50 and 100 years) peak flows. The main causes are the extremely dense riparian vegetation that has been developed on the banks and the thalweg of the riverbeds and in some cases the inappropriate dimensioning of the technical works. The intense development of the riparian vegetation, has increased the roughness coefficient and reduced the dimensions and discharge capability of the technical works, while NATURA restrictions and regulations may be limiting any logging and trimming activities within the streams, especially in priority habitat types. Special Ecological Evaluation studies and educating the public about the necessity of the flood control measures and impact, could provide a framework for a thorough discussion about the flood management in NATURA areas.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ECONOMIC SUPPORT OF THE REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
E. V. DMITRIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Security System ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crisis Situations

The article considers topical issues of economic support for the development of the regional security system of the population against various risks. The dependence of the impact of the scale of crisis situations on economic activities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which become a serious barrier to the sustainable development of the regions of the country, was investigated. The increasing importance of risks of economic losses from accidents and disasters at potentially dangerous facilities as a result of the complex influence of natural, manmade and fire factors has been established. An analysis was carried out and proposals were developed to implement the key tasks of the state in the field of ensuring the protection of the population and territories of the country from disasters in order to ensure the stability of the economy. The organizational structure, division of tasks and functions between officials, crisis management structures and responding units were analyzed, taking into account the reduction in current financial costs. On the basis of a study of the peculiarities of the regions of the country, recommendations were formed to fulfill the necessary tasks by the anti-crisis management bodies in the field of reducing economic damage on the basis of preventing crisis situations and ensuring fire safety. It is proposed to organize the practical application of a complex automated security system based on modern developments with the application of improving the qualities and efficiency of anti-crisis management processes in order to increase economic efficiency. Initial data were formed to reduce potential threats of a natural, man-made, fire and other nature in the regions using financial and economic mechanisms. It is proposed to implement a set of priority measures to further improve and increase the potential of economic support for the anti-crisis management system. The materials of the article can be used in planning the main directions of the development of the regional population security system and the implementation of socio-economic development programs.

scholarly journals Global Distribution and Genetic Heterogeneity of Border Disease Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 950
Author(s):  
Cecilia Righi ◽  
Stefano Petrini ◽  
Ilaria Pierini ◽  
Monica Giammarioli ◽  
Gian Mario De Mia
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Border Disease

Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge. BDV can yield substantial economic losses, including prenatal and postnatal infections in lambs, which are the primary source of infection and maintenance of the virus in the population. Since BDV is antigenically and genetically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), it might pose a significant risk to cattle, influencing BVDV eradication campaigns. Similarly, the presence of BDV in swine herds due to pestivirus spillover between small ruminants and pigs might cause uncertainty in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) diagnostics. Therefore, knowledge of BDV epidemiology in different geographical regions will help prevent its spread and optimize control measures. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that various BDV genotypes are predominant in different countries. This review provides an overview of the spread of BDV world-wide in different host species.

Constrained Dual-Level Bandit for Personalized Impression Regulation in Online Ranking Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Zhao Li ◽  
Junshuai Song ◽  
Zehong Hu ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Jun Gao
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Constraints ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Second Order Cone ◽  
Ranking Systems ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Regulation Method

Impression regulation plays an important role in various online ranking systems, e.g. , e-commerce ranking systems always need to achieve local commercial demands on some pre-labeled target items like fresh item cultivation and fraudulent item counteracting while maximizing its global revenue. However, local impression regulation may cause “butterfly effects” on the global scale, e.g. , in e-commerce, the price preference fluctuation in initial conditions (overpriced or underpriced items) may create a significantly different outcome, thus affecting shopping experience and bringing economic losses to platforms. To prevent “butterfly effects”, some researchers define their regulation objectives with global constraints, by using contextual bandit at the page-level that requires all items on one page sharing the same regulation action, which fails to conduct impression regulation on individual items. To address this problem, in this article, we propose a personalized impression regulation method that can directly makes regulation decisions for each user-item pair. Specifically, we model the regulation problem as a C onstrained D ual-level B andit (CDB) problem, where the local regulation action and reward signals are at the item-level while the global effect constraint on the platform impression can be calculated at the page-level only. To handle the asynchronous signals, we first expand the page-level constraint to the item-level and then derive the policy updating as a second-order cone optimization problem. Our CDB approaches the optimal policy by iteratively solving the optimization problem. Experiments are performed on both offline and online datasets, and the results, theoretically and empirically, demonstrate CDB outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms.

scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Wildland Fires: Sensing, Perception, Cooperation and Assistance

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Moulay A. Akhloufi ◽  
Andy Couturier ◽  
Nicolás A. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Aerial Vehicles

Wildfires represent a significant natural risk causing economic losses, human death and environmental damage. In recent years, the world has seen an increase in fire intensity and frequency. Research has been conducted towards the development of dedicated solutions for wildland fire assistance and fighting. Systems were proposed for the remote detection and tracking of fires. These systems have shown improvements in the area of efficient data collection and fire characterization within small-scale environments. However, wildland fires cover large areas making some of the proposed ground-based systems unsuitable for optimal coverage. To tackle this limitation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were proposed. UAVs have proven to be useful due to their maneuverability, allowing for the implementation of remote sensing, allocation strategies and task planning. They can provide a low-cost alternative for the prevention, detection and real-time support of firefighting. In this paper, previous works related to the use of UAV in wildland fires are reviewed. Onboard sensor instruments, fire perception algorithms and coordination strategies are considered. In addition, some of the recent frameworks proposing the use of both aerial vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) for a more efficient wildland firefighting strategy at a larger scale are presented.

scholarly journals Shared socioeconomic pathways for climate change research in Finland: co-developing extended SSP narratives for agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki S. Lehtonen ◽  
Jyrki Aakkula ◽  
Stefan Fronzek ◽  
Janne Helin ◽  
Mikael Hildén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
Farm Subsidies

AbstractShared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), developed at global scale, comprise narrative descriptions and quantifications of future world developments that are intended for climate change scenario analysis. However, their extension to national and regional scales can be challenging. Here, we present SSP narratives co-developed with stakeholders for the agriculture and food sector in Finland. These are derived from intensive discussions at a workshop attended by approximately 39 participants offering a range of sectoral perspectives. Using general background descriptions of the SSPs for Europe, facilitated discussions were held in parallel for each of four SSPs reflecting very different contexts for the development of the sector up to 2050 and beyond. Discussions focused on five themes from the perspectives of consumers, producers and policy-makers, included a joint final session and allowed for post-workshop feedback. Results reflect careful sector-based, national-level interpretations of the global SSPs from which we have constructed consensus narratives. Our results also show important critical remarks and minority viewpoints. Interesting features of the Finnish narratives compared to the global SSP narratives include greater emphasis on environmental quality; significant land abandonment in SSPs with reduced livestock production and increased plant-based diets; continued need for some farm subsidies across all SSPs and opportunities for diversifying domestic production under scenarios of restricted trade. Our results can contribute to the development of more detailed national long-term scenarios for food and agriculture that are both relevant for local stakeholders and researchers as well as being consistent with global scenarios being applied internationally.

scholarly journals Planning of technical flood retention measures in large river basins under consideration of imprecise probabilities of multivariate hydrological loads

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nijssen ◽  
A. Schumann ◽  
M. Pahlow ◽  
B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Large River ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Imprecise Probabilities ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Design Floods ◽  
Known Unknowns ◽  
Flood Waves

Abstract. As a result of the severe floods in Europe at the turn of the millennium, the ongoing shift from safety oriented flood control towards flood risk management was accelerated. With regard to technical flood control measures it became evident that the effectiveness of flood control measures depends on many different factors, which cannot be considered with single events used as design floods for planning. The multivariate characteristics of the hydrological loads have to be considered to evaluate complex flood control measures. The effectiveness of spatially distributed flood control systems differs for varying flood events. Event-based characteristics such as the spatial distribution of precipitation, the shape and volume of the resulting flood waves or the interactions of flood waves with the technical elements, e.g. reservoirs and flood polders, result in varying efficiency of these systems. Considering these aspects a flood control system should be evaluated with a broad range of hydrological loads to get a realistic assessment of its performance under different conditions. The consideration of this variety in flood control planning design was one particular aim of this study. Hydrological loads were described by multiple criteria. A statistical characterization of these criteria is difficult, since the data base is often not sufficient to analyze the variety of possible events. Hydrological simulations were used to solve this problem. Here a deterministic-stochastic flood generator was developed and applied to produce a large quantity of flood events which can be used as scenarios of possible hydrological loads. However, these simulations imply many uncertainties. The results will be biased by the basic assumptions of the modeling tools. In flood control planning probabilities are applied to characterize uncertainties. The probabilities of the simulated flood scenarios differ from probabilities which would be derived from long time series. With regard to these known unknowns the bias of the simulations was considered by imprecise probabilities. Probabilities, derived from measured flood data were combined with probabilities which were estimated from long simulated series. To consider imprecise probabilities, fuzzy sets were used to distinguish the results between more or less possible design floods. The need for such a differentiated view on the performance of flood protection systems is demonstrated by a case study.

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