scholarly journals The Politics of Agricultural Development in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost Jongerden ◽  
Wouter Wolters ◽  
Youri Dijkxhoorn ◽  
Faik Gür ◽  
Murat Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Food System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Subsistence Production ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

From being a smallholder-based, food-producing country covering its basic needs, Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) have become major importers of food. The sustainability of the agricultural sector has been systematically undermined by conflict, neglect, and mismanagement, as a result of which the capacity of its farmers to feed the population declined. Even though local policymakers, the international community, and the international organisations emphasise the potential of agriculture for food production, job creation, and income generation, they also tend to consider the current food system problematic because of an alleged low productivity that they relate to the existing smallholder system. For them, such system poses a lack of competences and skills of farmers, and a subsistence production orientation. This approach culminated in a policy-making process that offered land and water for capital investments, and thus neglecting the potentials and competencies of (small-scale) farmers. The concomitant neglect of the human dimension of agriculture, namely the family farm, is essentially the continuation of an economically and ecologically high-risk approach that may lead to a further decline of the sector’s ability to produce food for the local market.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Small Farmers’ Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1523
Author(s):  
Clodine S. Mbuli ◽  
Lotsmart N. Fonjong ◽  
Amber J. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Community Food Security ◽  
North West ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

There is interconnectedness between small farmers’ productivity, climate change, and the state of food security in Africa south of the Sahara. The neglect of small farmers amidst climate change challenges in the Global South suggests the existence of a vicious circle of low productivity and deprivation that exacerbates the vulnerability of small-scale farmers, who largely depend on rain-fed agriculture to feed their families and nations. The limited adaptive capacity of these farmers in the face of growing instability in rainfall and temperatures is affecting the output, profitability, and survival of these small-scale farmers, whose production is principally for the local market and therefore critical for community food security. The underdeveloped local agricultural sector and limited investment in climate-smart agriculture also affect small farmers’ productivity and ability to meet the food demands of increasing populations. This paper examines the challenges of small-scale farmers in a resource-rich economy, their vulnerability to climate change, and the effects on food insecurity. It is based on an in-depth qualitative case study of 30 residents from the Tiko and Santa areas in the South West and North West regions of Cameroon, respectively. The paper argues that small farmers’ vulnerability to climate-induced agricultural losses increases the risks of food insecurity for the growing Cameroonian population.

scholarly journals Effects of Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agricultural Development (ISPAAD) on the Income of Sorghum Farmers: Evidence from Kweneng District, Botswana

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gaboinewe Motlhwa ◽  
Mgale Yohana James ◽  
Yan Yunxian
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Support Programme ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Total Productivity ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Participation Decisions

This paper examines the factors influencing participation decisions among the farmer’s households of the Integrated Support Program for Arable Agricultural Development with the logistic model and assesses its effects on the agricultural sector in Botswana. Using random sampling, data were collected from 397 households at Kweneng District. The results showed that farm size, type of seed provided, amount of fertilizing, household size, access to extension services, availability of labour, sex of the farmer, risk attitude, total productivity per hectare and group participation were statistically significant at 1% or 5% level. Further analysis revealed that participation improves the income of small-scale farmers.

scholarly journals A Threat of Farmers’ Suicide and the Opportunity in Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Development in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Mariappan ◽  
Deyi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Cost

Agriculture is the main sources of income for humans. Likewise, agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. In India, Tamil Nadu regional state has a wide range of possibilities to produce all varieties of organic products due to its diverse agro-climatic condition. This research aimed to identify the economics and efficiency of organic farming, and the possibilities to reduce farmers’ suicides in the Tamil Nadu region through the organic agriculture concept. The emphasis was on farmers, producers, researchers, and marketers entering the sustainable economy through organic farming by reducing input cost and high profit in cultivation. A survey was conducted to gather data. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to test the hypothesis regards the cost and profit of rice production. The results showed that there was a significant difference in profitability between organic and conventional farming methods. It is very transparent that organic farming is the leading concept of sustainable agricultural development with better organic manures that can improve soil fertility, better yield, less input cost and better return than conventional farming. The study suggests that by reducing the cost of cultivation and get a marginal return through organic farming method to poor and small scale farmers will reduce socio-economic problems such as farmers’ suicides in the future of Indian agriculture.

Conclusion: An Alternative Agriculture for Our Time

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connor J. Fitzmaurice ◽  
Brian J. Gareau
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Consumer Involvement ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Agriculture ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Alternative Markets ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Full Force ◽  
The Many

Without abandoning the practical idea of farming as a business, the small-scale farmers in this book foster connections between consumer experiences and expectations and farming practices that support their visions of organic. They try to build new, alternative markets to challenge the watering down of “organic” that the full-force entrance of corporate market logics ushered in. However, there are limitations to how sustainable such farming operations can be without further changing the relationships the modern food system is based upon. This chapter begins by recognizing the many limitations of localism, including the potentially neoliberal aspects of such efforts. However, the neoliberal notion that individuals can and should bring forth their own interests and engage in political contestation could (paradoxically) be the very kernel that further popularizes small-scale food production networks that provide safer, more healthful food and a better sense of community than the isolating conventional shopping experience. Finally, the chapter considers how deepening consumer involvement in the process of agriculture, incorporating concerns about social justice into local food systems, and addressing the inefficiencies of decentralized food production could push local agriculture to be even more alternative.

scholarly journals Chinese and Indian Agriculture: A Broad Comparison of Recent Policy and Performance

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranab K. Bardhan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
And Performance

AbstractsIn both China and India agriculture is the key sector and yet detailed comparisons of agricultural development in the two economies are difficult to obtain. A major problem is, of course, the availability and reliability of data. This paper puts together some of the information that is now available and assesses its reliability to draw some rough generalizations.On the whole it seems that agricultural production in the two countries has grown at fairly similar rates. In terms of absolute level Chinese yield per hectare in most crops, of course, exceeds that of India by a significant margin, but this has been true for quite a long time in the past.In provision of inputs like organic and inorganic fertilizers and irrigation water the Chinese performance has been much better than that of India. Both countries have devoted not a very low proportion of their total gross investment to the agricultural sector. But the effectiveness of this investment has been quite unsatisfactory on account of, among other things, technical deficiencies and faulty planning in both countries, and the excesses of over enthusiastic but unskilled party cadres in China and a very much restricted framework of village institutions and administrative setup in India. In land policy much of the period under consideration was taken up in China in bold experimentations—with the inevitable advances and retreats—in search of the optimum size of land management in a backward peasant economy, while in India in spite of copious land legislation some of the crucial land relations have remained basically unaltered. The Chinese policy of moving away from age-old small-scale family farming and of emphasizing joint management of land and labour has, on the one hand, significantly strained peasant incentives, but on the other hand rid Chinese agriculture of the burden of uneconomically small and fragmented holdings, tenurial insecurity and crop sharing which still afflict a substantial part of Indian agriculture. The problem of ensuring enough marketed surplus of foodgrains to feed the nonagricultural sector has, however, remained unsolved in both countries, in spite of all changes in institutions and production.

scholarly journals African agriculture in the context of COVID-19: Finding salvation in the devil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Guy Blaise Nkamleu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Food System ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

The world is facing unprecedented challenges from COVID-19, which is disrupting lives and livelihoods. The pandemic could profoundly affect the African continent and wipe out hard-won development gains, as sub-Saharan Africa heads into its first recession in 25 years. Beyond the multispatial impact of the coronavirus in Africa, its effects on the agriculture and food system is of particular interest, as food security could be the most affected area and, at the same time, agriculture could be the sector that could help African economies recover quicker from the impact of COVID19. This paper supports the view that COVID-19, as devilish as it may be, offers an opportunity to revive interest in the agricultural sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed immense pressures on African countries to raise additional resources, and consequently Africa’s growing public debt is again coming back to the centre stage of the global debate. The conversation on African debt sustainability has begun to dominate the scene and will flood the debate in the near term. While the observed, growing calls for debt relief for African countries are legitimate, we support in this paper that one should not divert attention from the long-term solutions needed to strengthen Africa’s resilience. These long-term solutions lie where they always have: in agriculture. With COVID-19, shipping agricultural inputs and food products from other continents to Africa has become disrupted and is accelerating the trend towards shortening supply chains. This will leave a potential market for inputs and food produced on the continent. COVID-19, together with the launching of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), have aligned the stars in favour of a decisive transformation of the agriculture sector on the continent. Agriculturalists and development experts need to be aware of their responsibility at this time, as they need to advocate for the topic of agricultural development to return to the centre and the heart of the agenda of discussions on how to respond to the consequences of Covid-19 in Africa. In this sense, and unexpectedly, COVID-19 is an opportunity for the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Analisis Pendapatan Petani Ubi Alabio (Dioscorea alata) Di Desa Nelayan Kecamatan Sungai Tabukan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Mahdalena Mahdalena
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
National Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
The Cost

       Agricultural development is aimed at increasing farmers' income and the role of agriculture in overall national development. Among the economic sectors, agriculture must remain the cornerstone of the development of the Hulu Sungai Utara district. The potential of the agricultural sector in Hulu Sungai Utara district includes rice and beans, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes or sweet potato alabio which are more dominant. The objectives of this study were: (i) to find out the cost and acceptance of the alabio yam farmers for one farm, (ii) to find out how the alabio sweet potato contributes to farmers' income during one farm, (iii) to know the problems faced by farmers. This research has been carried out in the Tabukan Sub-District Fishermen Village, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, from April to May 2009. While the data collection method is a direct interview method with farmers who are assisted by sample respondents using a questionnaire. At the alabio cassava farm in Desa Nelayan the average cost is Rp. 343,702.8, - / farming. The average income earned is Rp 2,439,036, 11, - and the average income is Rp 2,095,333.3, with an average contribution of 17.6%. Alabio yam farming in Desa Nelayan is a side activity, traditionally cultivated with a small scale of work. The selling price of the alabio perilogram in Nelayan Village ranges from Rp. 4,000 to Rp. 7,000.

scholarly journals Impact of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) on small-scale maize farmers and its control strategies in the Limpopo province, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mankwana C. Makgoba ◽  
Phumudzo P. Tshikhudo ◽  
Livhuwani R. Nnzeru ◽  
Rudzani A. Makhado
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

South Africa experienced major outbreaks of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), causing direct damage by feeding on both vegetative and reproductive parts of host plant. The study was conducted to determine the level of impact of fall armyworm on small-scale maize famers after the outbreak of fall armyworm and their control strategies at Ga-Mashashane and Mankweng villages in the Limpopo province. Semi-structured questionnaire was designed to gather information on the damage caused by fall armyworm, economic impact on the local market and control measures on fall armyworm. Using a snowball sampling procedure, 63 small-scale maize farmers from the two villages of the Limpopo province, South Africa, were randomly selected for this study. The results showed that all participants could correctly identify the fall armyworm and reported it as the most important maize pest during 2016–2017 cropping season. The maize yield loss experienced by affected farmers in the 2016–2017 cropping season was slightly lower as compared with the 2015–2016 harvest. These farmers used pesticides as a control measure for fall armyworm. Fall armyworm has become a major pest in South Africa and the tackling of fall armyworm by small-scale farmers and averting yield losses is thus critical. This study contributes to the knowledge on fall armyworm management by small-scale farmers, which is essential to enhancing food security.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Farm Performance among Small-Scale Farmers in the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda: What is the Role of Institutions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268
Author(s):  
Aristide Maniriho ◽  
Edouard Musabanganji ◽  
Philippe Lebailly
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Land Size ◽  
On Farm

This study attempted to examine the role of institutions in boosting rural and agricultural development in the region of the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from a random sample of 401 small-scale farmers through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a weighted least-squares method to account for heteroscedasticity, a common issue in cross-sectional studies. Results from crop output function reveal a positive and significant effect of cooperative membership, a negative but significant effect of extension services, and a negative non-significant effect of land tenure, credit access, and market access on farm production, respectively. In terms of net farm income function, the results demonstrate that farmer cooperation, land tenure, extension services, and access to output markets have a positive, non-significant influence, but that access to finance has a negative non-significant effect. Results also point to a positive and significant effect of some household characteristics, namely family size, farming experience, land size, and farm yield, on farm production. As for net farm income, education of the head, family size, farm experience, land size, farm yield, selling price, and cattle proved to be among primary determinants. It was therefore suggested that agricultural sector programs and activities should be readapted and strengthened in order to leverage rural and agricultural development in Rwanda.

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