scholarly journals Do Foldable Containers Enhance Efficient Empty Container Repositioning under Demand Fluctuation?—Case of the Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4730
Author(s):  
Zirui Liang ◽  
Ryuichi Shibasaki ◽  
Yuji Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Scenario Analyses ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Empty Container Repositioning ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
The Cost

This study considers the empty container repositioning problem of shipping companies that use standard and 3-in-1 foldable containers with more advanced designs. A mathematical model is developed to compare the total management costs of container repositioning of various patterns in different cargo shipping demand scenarios. Numerous scenario analyses and simulations of empty container repositioning were conducted, focusing on a liner shipping service in the Pacific Islands where empty containers are likely to be present because of the imbalance between inbound and outbound flows of containers, including static analysis and consecutive analysis with demand fluctuation in different approaches. Results show that with the introduction of foldable containers, depending on the growth rate of container cargo shipping demand, the total management costs of empty container repositioning can be reduced. However, introducing a large number of foldable containers may increase the total management costs of container repositioning. Moreover, the cost reduction effect of adding another containership increases in cases where future cargo shipping demand increases substantially. Furthermore, the introduction of foldable containers not only effectively reduces the management costs of empty containers, but also makes costs more stable and predictable.

Maritime Empty Container Repositioning

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Khakbaz ◽  
Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Empty Container Repositioning ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
The Cost

Maritime shipping containers are important to a number of different industries as they facilitate the reduction of transportation costs. To address the needs of shippers, empty containers need to be repositioned globally between seaports. Since the cost of empty container repositioning (ECR) constitutes a significant element of the total cost of running a global container fleet operation, the problem has been receiving increasing attention from scholars. The diversity of this literature necessitates the development an appropriate classification scheme to identify trends, gaps, and directions for future research. This paper reviews publications on maritime ECR over the last two decades and examines such trends and potential research directions.

Maritime Empty Container Repositioning

2018 ◽  
pp. 210-233
Author(s):  
Hossein Khakbaz ◽  
Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Empty Container Repositioning ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
The Cost

Maritime shipping containers are important to a number of different industries as they facilitate the reduction of transportation costs. To address the needs of shippers, empty containers need to be repositioned globally between seaports. Since the cost of empty container repositioning (ECR) constitutes a significant element of the total cost of running a global container fleet operation, the problem has been receiving increasing attention from scholars. The diversity of this literature necessitates the development an appropriate classification scheme to identify trends, gaps, and directions for future research. This paper reviews publications on maritime ECR over the last two decades and examines such trends and potential research directions.

An Integer Programming Optimization Model of Container Shipping of Sea-Carriage

2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 2678-2683
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Integer Programming ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
Shipping Cost ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
The Cost

The paper dose research about the optimization of container shipping of sea –carriage for meeting the goods transport requirement by use of integer programming. Both laden and empty containers are combined into a system. In particular, the effect of special laden container shipping capacity on the shipping plan is investigated. In the model, the objective function is to maximize the total profit of container shipping. The profit caused by laden container shipping minus the cost caused by both laden and empty container shipping equal to the total profit. The constraints to the model include meeting the need of both laden and empty containers, shipping limit to both common and special laden containers , the number of empty container supported. Lingo9.0 is used to solve the model and shipping methods in varied parameters are shown by simulation. The aim of the paper is to provide a reasonable plan of container shipping of sea-carriage, so the container shipping cost of a shipping company can be reduced and the its profit made by container shipping are maximized.

A Stochastic Programming Optimization Model of Container Shipping of Sea-Carriage

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 2715-2720
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Integer Programming ◽  
Stochastic Programming ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
Shipping Cost ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
The Cost

The paper dose research about the optimization of container shipping of sea carriage for meeting the goods transport requirement by use of stochastic programming. Both laden and empty containers are combined into a system. In particular, the effect of special laden container shipping capacity on the shipping plan is investigated. In the model, the objective function is to maximize the total profit of container shipping. The profit caused by laden container shipping minus the cost caused by both laden and empty container shipping equal to the total profit. The constraints to the model include meeting the need of both laden and empty containers, shipping limit to both common and special laden containers, the number of empty container supported. The number of empty containers is stochastic and the model is transmitted to an integer programming. Lingo9.0 is used to solve the model and shipping methods in varied parameters are shown by simulation. The aim of the paper is to provide a reasonable plan of container shipping of sea-carriage, so the container shipping cost of a shipping company can be reduced and the its profit made by container shipping are maximized.

Kava : A Challenge to Alcohol?

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
J.E. Cawte
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
The South ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
North East ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Arnhem Land

Kava has been introduced into Aboriginal communities in Northern Australia. Persons from Yirrkala in North East Arnhem Land visiting the South Pacific region on study tours have been impressed by their welcome in Kava bowl ceremonies, and some of them hoped that the Aborigines might use Kava instead of alcohol.In 1983 many Aboriginal people in Arnhem Land used Kava, and much more was used in 1984. By 1985 it became a social epidemic or ‘craze’ in many communities. Rings of people of both sexes and of all ages often sit together under trees around Kava bowls for many hours. They may drink up to a hundred times the amount normally drunk in the Pacific Islands by the same number of people in the same time.

scholarly journals A Review of the Pacific Media Landscape: A Baseline Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Papoutsaki ◽  
Verena Thomas ◽  
Heather Horst ◽  
Jo Tacchi ◽  
Jessica Noske-Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Baseline Study ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Media Assistance ◽  
Media And Communication

This article draws upon the Pacific Media Assistance Scheme (PACMAS) State of Media and Communication Report to examine the implications of a changing media landscape for journalism practice in the Pacific region. The report contributes to an understanding of the diverse media and communications environments in the Pacific Islands (PI) region and captures aspects of the variations both in media, and in context, across and within the 14 Pacific Islands countries. This article highlights the need for synergies in the Pacific Islands to strengthen legislation, capacity-building initiatives and content production in a fast-changing digital environment.

Climate-Migration Responses in the Pacific Region

2018 ◽  
pp. 296-314
Author(s):  
Celia McMichael ◽  
Carol Farbotko ◽  
Karen E. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Adaptive Agents ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Negligible Contribution

There is widespread understanding that migration can represent an adaptive response to emerging and realized climate threats. However, the concept of “migration as adaptation” positions vulnerable populations as adaptive agents who can and even must migrate in response to climate change impacts, despite their often negligible contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. The Pacific islands region is widely viewed as an iconic site of climate change impacts and subsequent climate migration risk. This chapter discusses three Pacific countries—Fiji, Tuvalu, and Kiribati—and explores how people and government officials in these countries respond to the dynamic discursive, policy, social, and biophysical domains of “migration as climate change adaptation.”

scholarly journals A New Separable Piecewise Linear Learning Algorithm for the Stochastic Empty Container Repositioning Problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Shaorui Zhou ◽  
Xiaopo Zhuo ◽  
Zhiming Chen ◽  
Yi Tao
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Expected Cost ◽  
Stochastic Programs ◽  
Empty Container Repositioning ◽  
Empty Containers

A common challenge faced by liner operators in practice is to effectively allocate empty containers now in a way that minimizes the expectation of costs and reduces inefficiencies in the future with uncertainty. To incorporate uncertainties in the operational model, we formulate a two-stage stochastic programming model for the stochastic empty container repositioning (ECR) problem. This paper proposes a separable piecewise linear learning algorithm (SPELL) to approximate the expected cost function. The core of SPELL involves learning steps that provide information for updating the expected cost function adaptively through a sequence of piecewise linear separable approximations. Moreover, SPELL can utilize the network structure of the ECR problem and does not require any information about the distribution of the uncertain parameters. For the two-stage stochastic programs, we prove the convergence of SPELL. Computational results show that SPELL performs well in terms of operating costs. When the scale of the problem is very large and the dimensionality of the problem is increased, SPELL continues to provide consistent performance very efficiently and exhibits excellent convergence performance.

Gender Equality – A Feel Good Norm?: Divergence between Rhetoric and Practice in the EU's Development Policy towards the Pacific Islands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Katia Schnellecke
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Eu

<p>As one of the world’s largest donors, the European Union provides development assistance to the Pacific Island Countries. At the same time, the EU actively promotes its own values and principles toward the Island Countries as part of the development cooperation with the region. In taking on the role of a norm promoter, the EU promotes its core values in the Pacific region such as democracy, good governance, the rule of law, and also gender equality. The Union is committed the promotion of equal treatment and equal opportunities for women and men. The norm is emphasised and promoted in all development strategies for the Pacific region and in the agreements with the Island countries. But how committed is the EU to gender equality when it comes to the active promotion of the norm in the development projects for the Pacific Islands?  This thesis investigates the divergence between the EU’s rhetoric and practice when it comes to the promotion of gender equality in its development policy towards the Pacific region. An analysis of the Union’s rhetoric promotion of gender equality and practical support of the norm in the development projects for the Pacific region provides clear evidence for a gap between the EU’s intentions and reality. Whereas the norm is actively promoted throughout the EU’s strategies and agreements with the Pacific region, gender equality is neglected in the plans for most of the development projects.  This thesis argues that the successful promotion of gender equality is hindered by internal and external barriers as well as the EU’s fragmented composition into different units and actors, that pursue a policies based on norms as well as for interest-related reasons. The identified divergence between the EU’s intentions and reality has a crucial impact on its role as a norm promoter: it undermines its power as a normative actor and its legitimacy to shape the concept of normal.</p>

A Multi-Stage Approach for Empty Container Repositioning Under Coordination Among Liner Carriers

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110215
Author(s):  
Bo Du ◽  
Hao Hu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Meng Meng
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Liner Shipping ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Empty Container Repositioning ◽  
Holding Cost ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
Inventory Holding

This paper studies the empty container repositioning (ECR) problem considering the exchange of slots and empty containers among liner shipping companies. It is common for an individual shipping company to seek an optimal solution for ECR and cargo routing to maximize its own benefits. To achieve cooperation among shipping companies, a multi-stage solution strategy is proposed. With the inverse optimization technique, the guide leasing prices of slots and empty containers among shipping companies are derived considering the schedule of vessels and cargo routing. Based on the guide leasing price, a cooperative model is formulated to minimize the total cost, which includes the transportation cost for laden containers, the inventory holding cost, the container leasing cost, and the repositioning cost. All the involved shipping companies are expected to follow the best solution of ECR and cargo routing to achieve a cooperative and stable optimum. A real-world shipping network operated by three liner shipping companies is used as a case study with promising numerical results.

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