scholarly journals The Effects of Soil Moisture on Harvesting Operations in Populus spp. Plantations: Specific Focus on Costs, Energy Balance and GHG Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4863
Author(s):  
Farzam Tavankar ◽  
Mehrdad Nikooy ◽  
Francesco Latterini ◽  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
Leonardo Bianchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Productivity Cost ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Poplar Plantations

Background: Poplar tree plantations for wood production are part of a worldwide growing trend, especially in moist soil sites. Harvesting operations in moist sites such as poplar plantations require more study for detailed and increased knowledge on environmental and economic aspects and issues. Methods: In this study, the effects of soil moisture content (dry vs. moist) on productivity, cost, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by operations of different harvesting systems (chainsaw-skidder and harvester-forwarder) were evaluated in three poplar plantations (two in Italy and one in Iran). Results: The productivity (m3 h−1) of both systems in the dry sites were significantly higher (20% to 30%) than those in the moist sites. Production costs (€ m−3) and GHG emissions (g m−3) of both systems in the dry sites were also significantly lower than those in the moist sites. The productivity of the harvester-forwarder system was about four times higher, and its production cost was 25% to 30% lower than that of the chainsaw-skidder system, but the calculated GHG emissions by harvester-forwarder system was 50–60% higher than by the chainsaw-skidder system. Conclusions: Logging operations are to be avoided where there are conditions of high soil moisture content (>20%). The result will be higher cost-effectiveness and a reduction in the emission of pollutants.

Factors influencing the development of bacterial blight of peas.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Wark
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Garden peas commonly carry a nucleus of plants with bacterial blight (Pseudomonas pisi Sackett) in a masked form. When such plants were exposed to low temperature, either by natural frosting or by dipping the tops of the plants in cold liquids, the number of bacteria in the tissues increased rapidly and typical symptoms of the disease occurred in a few days. Soil type and soil moisture content also influenced the development of the disease, which was more marked in peas grown on a red loam from the Dickson Experiment Station than in peas grown on a prepared potting soil. Disease symptoms developed more rapidly a t high soil moisture content than at lower soil moisture content, following exposure to high atmospheric humidity.

scholarly journals Effects of Pathogen Density, Soil Moisture, and Soil pH on Biological Control of Clubroot in Chinese Cabbage by Heteroconium chaetospira

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Narisawa ◽  
M. Shimura ◽  
F. Usuki ◽  
S. Fukuhara ◽  
T. Hashiba
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Resting Spore ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Heteroconium Chaetospira ◽  
Spore Densities

The effects of soil moisture and pH, and pathogen resting spore density, on the effectiveness of the biological control of clubroot by the fungal endophyte Heteroconium chaetospira was evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments. Conditions favoring disease development included low pH (5.5) and high soil moisture content (80%), with significant reductions in the disease being observed at a higher pH (6.3 and 7.2) and lower soil moisture content (40 and 60%). In greenhouse tests, H. chaetospira effectively controlled clubroot (reducing the disease by 90 to 100%) at pathogen resting spore densities of 104 and 105 spores/g of soil at all soil pHs tested (5.5, 6.3, and 7.2). However, when the resting spore density was 106 spores/g of soil, plants were severely diseased, regardless of treatment, and H. chaetospira had no effect on disease. At a soil moisture content of 40%, disease occurrence was low, regardless of pathogen spore density, but disease was significantly lower in H. chaetospira-treated plants at pathogen spore density of 105 spores/g of soil. At 60% soil moisture content, H. chaetospira significantly could affect at pathogen spore densities of 104 and 105 but not 104/g of soil. At 80% soil moisture content, there was no effect of H. chaetospira at pathogen density. In situ, the soil moisture contents were constantly adjusted to relatively low to moderate (pF 2.2 to 2.4 and pF 2.0 to 2.2) and high (pF 1.6 to 1.8). Other environmental conditions, such as resting spore density and soil pH, were maintained at constant levels. Control plants (not treated with H. chaetospira) showed uniformly high disease levels and proportions of diseased plants across all three moisture treatments (disease index = 72 to 80, proportion of diseased plants 85 to 97%). In the field, H. chaetospira-treated plants at low soil moisture (pF 2.2 to 2.4, plot 1) had 68% disease reduction compared with untreated controls and 49% reduction at moderate moisture pF (pF 2.0 to 2.2, plot 2). There was no effect on disease by H. chaetospira at high soil moisture (pF 1.6 to 1.8, plot 3). Based on our results, H. chaetospira is an effective biocontrol agent against clubroot in Chinese cabbage at a low to moderate soil moisture range and a pathogen resting spore density of 105 (or lower resting spores per gram of soil in situ.

Sorption, Mobility and Degradation of Triclopyr and 2,4-D on Four Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Terry L. Lavy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Dark Incubator ◽  
Water Tension

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the relative sorption, mobility, and degradation rates of triclopyr and 2,4-D on two surface soils and two subsoils from the rice-producing areas of Arkansas. Triclopyr sorption was slightly greater than 2,4-D sorption. However, mobility of the herbicides on a given soil did not differ. Sorption of both herbicides was greatest and mobility lowest on a subsoil with the lowest pH. Triclopyr degradation rates were lower than 2,4-D degradation rates in a dark incubator. The average half life was 138 d for triclopyr and 21 d for 2,4-D. High soil moisture content (0 versus 100 kPa water tension) increased the rate of 2,4-D degradation. Triclopyr degraded more rapidly at 30 C than at 15 C. The dissipation rates of both herbicides were lowest on the soil on which sorption was greatest.

Persisting effects of ligneous organic soil amendments on CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions in relation to moisture content in northern agricultural clay soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Peltokangas ◽  
Jimi Havisalmi ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Kristiina Karhu ◽  
Liisa Kulmala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Organic Soil Amendments

<p>In agriculture, organic soil amendments are envisioned to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration. However, the full impact of the organic amendments on soil physico-chemical dynamics is still poorly understood. We conducted a laboratory incubation to assess the net climate effect of four ligneous organic amendments: two biochars (willow and spruce) and two fiber byproducts of paper and pulp industry. Soil samples were collected from a soil-amendment field experiment at Qvidja farm, South-West of Finland. Soil samples were sieved, air-dried and adjusted to 30%, 50%, 80% and 110% of water holding capacity (WHC), and incubated for 32 days in standard laboratory conditions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were measured after 1, 5, 12, 20 and 33 days. </p><p>The carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions were highest at 80% WHC, and lowest at severely water stressed conditions at 30% WHC. The organic amendments did not have an observable effect on CO<sub>2</sub> dynamics. The CO<sub>2</sub> emissions correlated linearly with soil moisture and microbial biomass nitrogen. Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions were systematically lower in the amended soils compared to the control soil, and independent of soil nitrate concentrations. Without organic amendments, N<sub>2</sub>O emissions increased exponentially with soil moisture content. Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions fluctuated throughout the incubation, exhibiting mostly negative values. Consequently, CH<sub>4</sub> emissions played only a minor role in the GHG budget.</p><p>CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, calculated as CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent, exhibited a linear correlation with the moisture gradient. CO<sub>2</sub> dominated the GHG budget up to a moisture of 80% WHC, but was superseded by N<sub>2</sub>O emissions at 110% WHC. The results indicate that soil moisture content is critically affecting the GHG emissions and that while organic soil amendments may have persisting effects on GHG exchange, they primarily occur through N<sub>2</sub>O dynamics.</p>

scholarly journals Tillage and seeding strategies for wheat optimizing production in harvested rice fields with high soil moisture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Ding ◽  
Fujian Li ◽  
Tao Le ◽  
Dongyi Xu ◽  
Min Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
High Soil Moisture

AbstractSuitable tillage and seeding strategies for wheat can be used to combat excessive residues and poor soil conditions in harvested rice fields. This study investigated the effects of different tillage (zero tillage and rotary tillage) and seeding methods on wheat growth, grain yield, nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization, and economic benefit when the soil moisture was high during the tillage and seeding practices. In 2016–2017, three seeders were tested: SM1-1, SM2, and SM3; in 2017–2018, four seeders were tested: SM1-2, SM2, SM3, and SM4. Although the soil moisture was different between years, zero tillage could be used to reduce the sowing depth, which facilitated early-phase wheat growth and N uptake compared with rotary tillage, resulting in higher grain yield, NUpE, and net return. In 2016–2017 (high wet soil), a small-size seeder (SM1-1) with sowing near the soil surface facilitated higher grain yield, NUpE, and net returns compared with the other seeders; in 2017–2018 (low wet soil), medium-size seeders (SM3 and SM4) were more suitable than small-size seeders (SM1-2 and SM2). In both years, the seeders that performed the best mainly improved the spike numbers while increasing N uptake, especially after anthesis. Zero tillage lowered input costs, but small-size seeders did not reduce costs due to the higher labor costs associated with their low working efficiency. Improving net returns depends largely on increasing yield. In conclusion, zero tillage is recommended for wheat production in harvested rice fields with a high soil moisture content, but the suitable seeding method needs to be confirmed according to the soil moisture content.

Studies on field establishment of monogerm sugar beet

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil

SummaryThe percentage emergence from monogerm sugar-beet seed in field experiments was reduced by high soil moisture content and soil compaction, but was unaffected by soil temperature. Seed lots were differentially influenced when the soil conditions were very adverse. Pelleted seed emerged a little better in good soil conditions and was not more sensitive to high soil moisture content than raw seed.The relation between laboratory germination and the number of emerged seedlings was variable and followed no obvious trends, and there was no consistent rank order in the emergence ability of four commercial cultivars.

Analysis on Soil Moisture Content in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Run-chun LI ◽  
Xiu-zhi ZHANG ◽  
Li-hua WANG ◽  
Xin-yan LV ◽  
Yuan GAO
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River

Distribution of soil moisture content and its effect on the potential growth of the over-story species in North-East Chalkidiki

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aslanidou ◽  
P. Smiris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
North East ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

This  study deals with the soil moisture distribution and its effect on the  potential growth and    adaptation of the over-story species in north-east Chalkidiki. These  species are: Quercus    dalechampii Ten, Quercus  conferta Kit, Quercus  pubescens Willd, Castanea  sativa Mill, Fagus    moesiaca Maly-Domin and also Taxus baccata L. in mixed stands  with Fagus moesiaca.    Samples of soil, 1-2 kg per 20cm depth, were taken and the moisture content  of each sample    was measured in order to determine soil moisture distribution and its  contribution to the growth    of the forest species. The most important results are: i) available water  is influenced by the soil    depth. During the summer, at a soil depth of 10 cm a significant  restriction was observed. ii) the    large duration of the dry period in the deep soil layers has less adverse  effect on stands growth than in the case of the soil surface layers, due to the fact that the root system mainly spreads out    at a soil depth of 40 cm iii) in the beginning of the growing season, the  soil moisture content is    greater than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm, in beech and mixed beech-yew  stands, is 10-15 % in    the Q. pubescens  stands and it's more than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm in Q. dalechampii    stands.

scholarly journals Mapping barrier island soil moisture using a radiative transfer model of hyperspectral imagery from an unmanned aerial system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehman S. Eon ◽  
Charles M. Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Hyperspectral Imagery ◽  
Barrier Island ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model

AbstractThe advent of remote sensing from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has opened the door to more affordable and effective methods of imaging and mapping of surface geophysical properties with many important applications in areas such as coastal zone management, ecology, agriculture, and defense. We describe a study to validate and improve soil moisture content retrieval and mapping from hyperspectral imagery collected by a UAS system. Our approach uses a recently developed model known as the multilayer radiative transfer model of soil reflectance (MARMIT). MARMIT partitions contributions due to water and the sediment surface into equivalent but separate layers and describes these layers using an equivalent slab model formalism. The model water layer thickness along with the fraction of wet surface become parameters that must be optimized in a calibration step, with extinction due to water absorption being applied in the model based on equivalent water layer thickness, while transmission and reflection coefficients follow the Fresnel formalism. In this work, we evaluate the model in both field settings, using UAS hyperspectral imagery, and laboratory settings, using hyperspectral spectra obtained with a goniometer. Sediment samples obtained from four different field sites representing disparate environmental settings comprised the laboratory analysis while field validation used hyperspectral UAS imagery and coordinated ground truth obtained on a barrier island shore during field campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Analysis of the most significant wavelengths for retrieval indicate a number of different wavelengths in the short-wave infra-red (SWIR) that provide accurate fits to measured soil moisture content in the laboratory with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE)< 0.145, while independent evaluation from sequestered test data from the hyperspectral UAS imagery obtained during the field campaign obtained an average NRMSE = 0.169 and median NRMSE = 0.152 in a bootstrap analysis.

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