scholarly journals Deriving Major Fire Risk Evaluation Items Utilizing Spatial Information Convergence Technology in Dense Areas of Small Obsolete Buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12593
Author(s):  
Hyung-Joo Lee ◽  
Sun-Woo Park ◽  
Seungjun Roh ◽  
Jung-Rim Ryu ◽  
Byeung-Hun Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Structure Building ◽  
Gas Cylinder

As small obsolete buildings are exposed to high fire risks, governments are trying to evaluate their fire risks and preferentially improve fire protection performance for high risk buildings, however, the evaluation manpower and time are insufficient compared to the rapidly increasing number of obsolete buildings. Therefore, this study aimed to derive major fire risk index (FRI) evaluation items as part of developing a platform to quickly and efficiently evaluate fire risks in dense areas of small obsolete buildings utilizing spatial information convergence technology. To this end, 20 preliminary evaluation items specifically tailored to dense areas of small obsolete buildings were derived through a field survey, investigation of FRI evaluation items from existing works, and expert pre-reviews. Based on the derived 20 preliminary items, an importance survey was conducted with a total of 181 fire safety experts including fire officers, university professors, researchers, industry experts, and fire insurers. As a result, a total of 12 major evaluation items (e.g., outdoor fire extinguisher, distance to 119 Safety Center, building structure, building cladding, illegal alterations, illegal parking, and liquefied natural gas cylinder) were derived. Results can help to evaluate the fast and efficient fire risks in dense areas of small obsolete buildings.

The Modern Timber-Structure Building from the Perspective of Tectonic

2014 ◽  
Vol 638-640 ◽  
pp. 2265-2268
Author(s):  
Shuang Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Timber Structure ◽  
Architecture Design ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Structural System ◽  
The Real ◽  
Structure Building ◽  
Real Material

Modern architecture design lays more emphasis on the authenticity and regionality of the building.The basic tectonic principles are the real material performance and real construction expression. Architecture artistic is based on the internal expressive force of the structural system. And the logicality of building structure is given the inner beauty of architectural image. Modern timber-structure building is breaking the fetter of formalism in the aspect of structure performance. Its tectonic methods are making the positive exploration in terms of the architectural context inheritance.

Study on German Navy's Second Battalion Headquarters Building Site in Qingdao

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 3074-3077
Author(s):  
Shao Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
German Romanticism ◽  
Wood Composite ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Building Site ◽  
Structure Building ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Building Facades ◽  
Building Plane

The paper presented the research on for German Navy's second battalion headquarters building site from the perspectives of building site, building plane, building facades and building structure. building site conformed to terrain, Shapes of building facades were flexible and varied, the overall architectural construction was brick-stone-wood composite structure.The building style was the typical of German Romanticism, both in layout or in the facade shape, color, structure, etc.; it had shown the lively romantic chic, eclectic architectural style.

scholarly journals Study of Downward Flame Spread and Fire Risk Evaluation of the Thermoplastic Materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 590-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruo-wen Zong ◽  
Jie Ren ◽  
Xi-ping Liu ◽  
You-ran Zhi
Keyword(s):  
Flame Spread ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Downward Flame Spread

scholarly journals FIRESIG - SISTEMA DE SUPORTE A TOMADA DE DECISÃO PARA O COMBATE A INCÊNDIOS NO PARANÁ

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Deppe ◽  
Eduardo Vedor De Paula ◽  
Jackson Vosgerau ◽  
Alexandre Guetter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Environmental Disasters

O FIRESIG representa um sistema de suporte a tomada de decisão para o combate a incêndios no Estado do Paraná. O FIRESIG atende as demandas específicas de atividades de monitoramento, prevenção e combate a incêndios. Os usuários institucionais do FIRESIG se referem ao Instituto Ambiental do Paraná (IAP) e a Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil do Paraná. O FIRESIG oferece ferramentas para: (i) entrada de dados de focos de calor, índice de vegetação e índice de risco de incêndio, (ii) espacialização, visualização e análise de focos de calor, (iii) identificação de recursos e infra-estrutura disponível para combate aos incêndios, (iv) atualização da base de dados dos recursos disponíveis para o combate aos incêndios, (v) determinação de melhores rotas de acesso aos incêndios. A utilização do FIRESIG reduz o tempo de resposta para o combate aos incêndios e auxilia a montagem de estratégias de combate. O FIRESIG é caracterizado como um sistema de suporte a tomada de decisão, robusto e de baixo custo para combate aos incêndios. Além do mais pode ser adaptado para ser utilizado em outros tipos de desastres ambientais. FIRESIG – DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR FIRE FIGHT IN PARANÁ Abstract The FIRESIG represents a decision support system for fire fight in the Paraná State. The FIRESIG meets specific demands for monitoring, prevention and fire fight. The system’s users are the Paraná Environmental Institute and the Paraná Civil Defense Coordination. The FIRESIG offers several tools for: (i) hot spots, vegetation index and fire risk index data input, (ii) mapping, visualization and hot spots analysis, (iii) identification of available resources and infrastructure for fire fight, (iv) data base update, (v) determination of firefight best routes. The use of FIRESIG reduces fire fight response time and helps the fire fight strategy definition. The FIRESIG can be considered as robust and a low price fire fight system. Additionally, the system can be adapted for use as a decision support system for other environmental disasters.

scholarly journals Developing a New Hourly Forest Fire Risk Index Based on Catboost in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8213
Author(s):  
Yoojin Kang ◽  
Eunna Jang ◽  
Jungho Im ◽  
Chungeun Kwon ◽  
Sungyong Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Ensemble Model ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Forest Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Risk Index

Forest fires can cause enormous damage, such as deforestation and environmental pollution, even with a single occurrence. It takes a lot of effort and long time to restore areas damaged by wildfires. Therefore, it is crucial to know the forest fire risk of a region to appropriately prepare and respond to such disastrous events. The purpose of this study is to develop an hourly forest fire risk index (HFRI) with 1 km spatial resolution using accessibility, fuel, time, and weather factors based on Catboost machine learning over South Korea. HFRI was calculated through an ensemble model that combined an integrated model using all factors and a meteorological model using weather factors only. To confirm the generalized performance of the proposed model, all forest fires that occurred from 2014 to 2019 were validated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values through one-year-out cross-validation. The AUC value of HFRI ensemble model was 0.8434, higher than the meteorological model. HFRI was compared with the modified version of Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) used in the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating Systems and Daily Weather Index (DWI), South Korea’s current forest fire risk index. When compared to DWI and the revised FFMC, HFRI enabled a more spatially detailed and seasonally stable forest fire risk simulation. In addition, the feature contribution to the forest fire risk prediction was analyzed through the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value of Catboost. The contributing variables were in the order of relative humidity, elevation, road density, and population density. It was confirmed that the accessibility factors played very important roles in forest fire risk modeling where most forest fires were caused by anthropogenic factors. The interaction between the variables was also examined.

Identification of Key Factors of Fire Risk of Oil Depot Based on Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyi Xie ◽  
Shaohua Dong ◽  
Guangyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
Index System ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Algorithm ◽  
Fire Risk Index

Abstract With the rapid development of the national economy, the demand for oil is increasing. In order to meet the increasing energy demand, China has established a number of oil depot in recent years, whose largest capacity reaching up to tens of millions of cubic meters. Due to the flammable and explosive nature of the stored medium, the risk of fire in the oil depot area has increased dramatically as the tank capacity of the storage tank area has increased. The intensification of the oil depot and the development of large-scale oil storage tanks have brought convenience to the national oil depot, but also brought many catastrophic consequences. In recent years, there have been many fires and explosions in the oil depot, causing major casualties and property losses, which seriously endangered the ecological environment and public safety. Based on the constructed oil depot fire risk index system, the fuzzy C-means algorithm (FCM) and fuzzy maximum support tree clustering algorithm is introduced. Through the two fuzzy clustering mathematical models, key factors in the established index system are identified. Firstly, the expert scoring method is used to evaluate the indicators in the oil depot fire risk index system, and the importance degree evaluation matrix of oil depot fire risk factors is constructed through the fuzzy analysis of expert comments. Then, the fuzzy C-means algorithm (FCM) and the fuzzy clustering tree algorithm are used to cluster the various risk indicators, and the key factors of the oil depot fire risk are identified. Through the comparative analysis and cross-validation of the results of the two fuzzy clustering methods, the accuracy of the recognition results is ensured. Finally, using an oil depot as a case study, it is found that passive fire prevention capability and emergency rescue capability are key factors that need to be paid attention to in the oil depot fire risk index. The fuzzy clustering algorithm used in this paper can digitize the subjective comments of experts, thus reducing the influence of human subjective factors. In addition, by using two fuzzy clustering algorithms to analyze and verify the key factors of the oil depot fire risk, the reliability of the clustering results is guaranteed. The identification of key factors can enable managers to predict high-risk factors in advance in the fire risk prevention and control process of the oil depot, so as to adopt corresponding preventive measures to minimize the fire risk in the oil depot, and ensure the safety of the operation of the oil depot.

scholarly journals Risk Evaluation of Pyrolyzed Biochar from Multiple Wastes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shem M. Ndirangu ◽  
Yanyan Liu ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Shaoxian Song
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Air Oxidation ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Modified Biochar ◽  
Contaminated Food

This paper aims at demonstrating the significance of biochar risk evaluation and reviewing risk evaluation from the aspects of pyrolysis process, feedstock, and sources of hazards in biochar and their potential effects and the methods used in risk evaluation. Feedstock properties and the resultant biochar produced at different pyrolysis process influence their chemical, physical, and structural properties, which are vital in understanding the functionality of biochar. Biochar use has been linked to some risks in soil application such as biochar being toxic, facilitating GHGs emission, suppression of the effectiveness of pesticides, and effects on soil microbes. These potential risks originate from feedstock, contaminated feedstock, and pyrolysis conditions that favor the creation of characteristics and functional groups of this nature. These toxic compounds formed pose a threat to human health through the food chain. Determination of toxicity levels is a first step in the risk management of toxic biochar. Various sorption methods of biochar utilized low-cost adsorbents, engineered surface functional groups, and nZVI modified biochars. The mechanisms of organic compound removal was through sorption, enhanced sorption, modified biochar, postpyrolysis thermal air oxidation and that of PFRs degradation was through activation, photoactive functional groups, magnetization, and hydrothermal synthesis. Emissions of GHGs in soils amended with biochar emanated through physical and biotic mediated mechanisms. BCNs have a significance in reducing the health quotient indices for PTEs risk contamination by suppressing cancer risk arising from consumption of contaminated food. The degree of environmental risk assessment of HM pollution in biomass and biochars has been determined by using potential ecological risk index and RAC while organic contaminant degradation by EPFRs was considered when assessing the environmental roles of biochar in regulating the fate of contaminants removal. The magnitude of technologies’ net benefit must be considered in relation to the associated risks.

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