Simulation and Optimization of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste with Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Biogas Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13665
Author(s):  
Jasmine Sie Ming Tiong ◽  
Yi Jing Chan ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Mardawani Mohamad ◽  
Chii-Dong Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Simulation And Optimization ◽  
Recycle Ratio ◽  
Vs Removal ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Food waste (FW) utilized as substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas is promising. Simultaneously, waste is handled and value-added products such as biogas and fertilizer are produced. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is used as the co-substrate. This study aims to simulate the complete process flow of anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD), consisting of pre-treatment of feedstock, biogas upgrading, wastewater treatment and sludge dying using SuperPro Designer. Parameters, namely hydraulic retention time (HRT), recycle ratio of sludge, water to FW ratio (kg/kg) and co-substrate to FW ratio (kg/kg), would affect the performance of digester. The optimization of these parameters is performed using Design-Expert software, involving response surface methodology (RSM). The effects on responses such as methane flow, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile solid (VS) removal efficiencies are analyzed. In treating 25,000 kg/h of feed, the optimized values for HRT, recycle ratio, water to feedstock ratio, POME to FW ratio are 37.2 days, 0.381, 0.027 and 0.004, respectively. The methane yield is 0.30 L CH4/g of COD removed, with COD and VS removal efficiencies of 81.5% and 68.9%, respectively. The project is profitable, with a payback period of 6.14 years and net present value (NPV) of $5,680,000. A comprehensive understanding of AD matures it for commercialization purposes.

Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Supernatants Using Aerobic Attached–Growth System: Trickling Filter as a Case Study

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah ◽  
Mohamad Hakimi Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd. Omar Ab. Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Biomass Hydrolysis ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan tentang kecekapan penuras cucur dalam merawat supernatan kumbahan kilang kelapa sawit (POME). Supernatan POME diperoleh menerusi dua jenis perawatan. Dalam perawatan 1, pengendapan graviti digunakan untuk menyingkir pepejal boleh mendak. Perawatan 2 digunakan untuk menyingkir pepejal boleh mendak dan gumpalan partikal dengan menggunakan 350 ppm alum. Influen dialurkan secara titisan pada biojisim yang terlekat pada penyokong pepejal rawak PVC setinggi 1 m. Penuras cucur berupaya menyingkir lebih daripada 90.0% dari keperluan oksigen biologi (BOD) dan keperluan oksigen kimia (COD) di bawah 1 m3/m2–hari. Pada 2.53 m3/m2–hari, influen dengan Perawatan 1 menghasilkan kecekapan penyingkiran COD sebanyak 40.3%, berbanding 83.1% bila Perawatan 2 digunakan. Perkara ini berlaku berikutan penyingkiran bahan organik tak boleh resap semasa Perawatan 2. Kecekapan penyingkiran menurun dengan meningkatnya bebanan hidraulik kerana wujudnya kelemahan dalam hidrolisis bahan tak boleh resap kepada substratum larut. Dengan edaran semula (α=1), penyingkiran BOD dan COD yang lebih tinggi dicapai di bawah 7 m3/m2–hari. Pencapaian ini disebabkan oleh bebanan organik yang lebih rendah serta pergedaran semula enzim dan biojisim yang aktif kepada sistem. Perawatan 2 menghasilkan enap cemar yang lebih tinggi kerana penukaran substratum boleh larut kepada biojisim tak boleh larut. Hidrolisis bahan organik tak boleh resap didapati berlaku secara aktif pada bahagian atas penuras cucur sementara bahagian bawahnya cenderung mengoksidakan substratum organik. Kata kunci: POME, turas cucur, bahan organik bolehresap, penggumpalan, alir semula This paper discusses the efficiency of a trickling filter to treat Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) supernatants. POME supernatants were obtained via two treatments. In Treatment 1, gravity sedimentation was used to remove settleable solids. In Treatment 2, both settleable solids and colloidal particles were removed using 350 ppm of alum. The influents were allowed to trickle over biomass attached to 1 m high random PVC solid support. Below 1 m3/m2–day, the filter demonstrated Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiencies of more than 90.0%. At 2.53 m3/m2–day, the influent with Treatment 1 gave a COD removal efficiency of 40.3%, but increased to 83.1% when the influent with Treatment 2 was used. This was ascribed to the removal of non–diffusible organics during Treatment 2. The removal efficiencies decreased with an increase in hydraulic loading due to limitations in the hydrolysis of non–diffusibles into soluble substrates. With recirculation (α=1), higher BOD and COD removals were achieved below 7.0 m3/m2–day, attributed to lower organic loading and the recycling of active enzyme and biomass to the system. The influent with Treatment 2 demonstrated higher sludge production due to higher conversion of soluble substrates into insoluble biomass. Hydrolysis of non–diffusible organics mainly took place at upper reaches of the filter column while lower reaches were involved in oxidizing the organic subtrates. Key words: POME, trickling filter, diffusible organic, coagulation, recirculation

scholarly journals Biojet Fuel Production from Waste of Palm Oil Mill Effluent through Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Decarboxylation

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Papasanee Muanruksa ◽  
James Winterburn ◽  
Pakawadee Kaewkannetra
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), wastewater discharged from the palm oil refinery industry, is classified as an environmental pollutant. In this work, a heterogeneous catalytic process for biojet fuel or green kerosene production was investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysis of POME was firstly performed in order to obtain hydrolysed POME (HPOME) rich in free fatty acid (FFA) content. The variations of the water content (30 to 50), temperature (30 to 60 °C) and agitation speed (150 to 250 rpm) were evaluated. The optimal condition for the POME hydrolysis reaction was obtained at a 50% v/v water content, 40 °C and 200 rpm. The highest FFA yield (Y FA) of 90% was obtained. Subsequently, FFA in HPOME was converted into hydrocarbon fuels via a hydrocracking reaction catalysed by Pd/Al2O3 at 400 °C, 10 bars H2 for 1 h under a high pressure autoclave reactor (HPAR). The refined-biofuel yield (94%) and the biojet selectivity (57.44%) were achieved. In this study, we are the first group to successfully demonstrate the POME waste valorisation towards renewable biojet fuel production based on biochemical and thermochemical routes. The process can be applied for the sustainable management of POME waste. It promises to be a high value-added product parallel to the alleviation of wastewater environmental issues.

scholarly journals Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 1183-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soek Sin Teh ◽  
Augustine Soon Hock Ong ◽  
Siau Hui Mah
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

scholarly journals Simulation and Optimisation of Integrated Anaerobic-Aerobic Bioreactor (IAAB) for the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124
Author(s):  
Jun Wei Roy Chong ◽  
Yi Jing Chan ◽  
Siewhui Chong ◽  
Yeek Chia Ho ◽  
Mardawani Mohamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Recycle Ratio ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
First Time

This study highlights an innovative piece of hybrid technology, whereby the combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes into a single reactor, namely, the integrated anaerobic–aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) can surpass the limits of conventional methods treating palm oil mill effluent (POME). Optimisation of IAAB using SuperPro Designer V9 simulator for maximum biogas yield while addressing its economic and environmental trade-offs was conducted for the first time. Parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) were optimised in the anaerobic compartment from 10 days and 6.2 g COD/L day to 9 days and 6.9 g COD/L day, respectively. Furthermore, sludge recycle ratio was optimised from 20% to 50% in the aerobic compartment. The optimisation was successful where the biogas yield increased from 0.24 to 0.29 L CH4/g CODremoved with excellent Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal efficiencies up to 99% with 5.8% lower net expenditure. This simulation results were comparable against the pre-commercialized IAAB with 11.4% increase in methane yield after optimisation. Economic analysis had proven the optimised process to be feasible, resulting in return on investment (ROI), payback time, and internal rate of return (IRR) of 24.5%, 4.1 years, and 17.9%, respectively.

scholarly journals Reclamation from palm oil mill effluent using an integrated zero discharge membrane-based process

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Ahmad ◽  
I. Idris ◽  
C.Y. Chan ◽  
S. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Zero Discharge ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Abstract This research emphasizes eloquently on membrane technology for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as it is the Malaysia’s largest and most important agro based industry. Findings established significant quality improvement with an efficient recovery of water from palm oil mill via innovative membrane application. Conventional bio-methods, whilst adhering to the Department of Environment’s (DOE) discharge regulations, produces brownish liquid which pales in comparison to the crystal clear water obtained through membrane treatment. The pre-treatment process consists of coagulation-flocculation using green environmental coagulant bases such as Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds. The ultrafiltration polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis were vital for the membrane processes. The system gave 99% suspended solids reduction in suspended solid and 78% of water present was successfully recovered. This technology guarantees water recovery with drinking water quality; meeting the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard or could be recycled into the plant with sludge utilization for palm oil estates, thus enabling the concept of zero discharge to be executed in the industries. In addition, green and healthy antioxidants such as oil and beta-carotene can be recovered from POME further demonstrate. Silica gel showed better performance in separation of carotenes from oil at temperature 40°C using adsorption chromatography with 1154.55 ppm. The attractiveness of this technology, enabling the utilization of reuse of agricultural waste into potentially value added products.

Economic Scenario of Cellulase Enzyme Production Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 723-726
Author(s):  
A.N. Mustafizul Karim ◽  
M.A.H. Hamdan ◽  
M. Zahangir Alam ◽  
Mohammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

This paper presents an analysis on the economic suitability of a large scale plant for the production of cellulase enzyme from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Based on the data and other relevant information gathered from indigenous operation of a lab and a pilot scale bio-reactors (30L and 300L capacities), a predicted evaluation of economic aspects of enzyme production with a 3000L bioreactor has been made. Factors such as the initial price and installation cost, the expenses for raw materials, operation and maintenance of the plant, overhead, utilities, logistics etc. were considered. Enzyme output from the proposed bioreactor was estimated depending on the optimum operational conditions established by the small scale investigation. Net present value (NPV) of the project was evaluated by using the discounted cash-flow analysis. With a conservative view of 5% escalation of recurring costs and a target of 70% capacity utilization an NPV of MYR 2,5 million was found to be achievable for a 10% discount rate and a plant life of 10 years,. Economic scenario developed for 50-100% range capacity utilization indicating the NPV can be helpful in making decisions for implementation of such plants. Thus production of cellulase enzyme from POME using a 3000L bioreactor is found to be economically attractive.

POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHAs) FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS: BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) TO VALUE-ADDED POLYMERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Irwan Zubairi ◽  
Athanasios Mantalaris ◽  
Alexander Bismarck ◽  
Syazwan Aizad
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

The study of cancer cell has been hindered by the lack of appropriate ex vivo models, which can mimic this microenvironment. It is hypothesized that the fabrication of porous 3-D scaffolds for the biomimetics growth of cancer cells ex vivo could facilitate the study of the disease in its native 3-D niche. For that reason, biomaterials are used for fabrication of 3-D scaffold, in general, may be natural polymers such as proteins, collagens and gelatin, or synthetic biopolymers. Among the various available biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained significant interest as one of the value-added materials which can be synthesized from abundantly available source of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Down the group of the PHA, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and copolymerizing this PHB that produced PHBVs; these two polymers have the most prevalent polymer used for scaffolds fabrication. A physico-chemical and biological modification has developed to improve wetting, adhesion, and printing of polymer surfaces, generally by introducing a variety of polar groups. These techniques must be tailored to introduce a specific functional group when the surface modification is a precursor to attach a bioactive compound. There are a few methods in order to fabricate porous 3-D scaffolds such as solvent casting, particulate leaching, thermally induced phase separation, gas forming, fiber bonding, electrospinning and also solid free form method. A review of the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) for tissue engineering applications is presented, beginning with the basic naturally derived polymerization of PHAs, biotransformation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) to the value-added polymers, novel methods of scaffold fabrication capabilities and its physico-chemical and biological surface modifications to increase cell-biomaterial affinity.

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