Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), wastewater discharged from the palm oil refinery industry, is classified as an environmental pollutant. In this work, a heterogeneous catalytic process for biojet fuel or green kerosene production was investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysis of POME was firstly performed in order to obtain hydrolysed POME (HPOME) rich in free fatty acid (FFA) content. The variations of the water content (30 to 50), temperature (30 to 60 °C) and agitation speed (150 to 250 rpm) were evaluated. The optimal condition for the POME hydrolysis reaction was obtained at a 50% v/v water content, 40 °C and 200 rpm. The highest FFA yield (Y FA) of 90% was obtained. Subsequently, FFA in HPOME was converted into hydrocarbon fuels via a hydrocracking reaction catalysed by Pd/Al2O3 at 400 °C, 10 bars H2 for 1 h under a high pressure autoclave reactor (HPAR). The refined-biofuel yield (94%) and the biojet selectivity (57.44%) were achieved. In this study, we are the first group to successfully demonstrate the POME waste valorisation towards renewable biojet fuel production based on biochemical and thermochemical routes. The process can be applied for the sustainable management of POME waste. It promises to be a high value-added product parallel to the alleviation of wastewater environmental issues.

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Simulation and Optimization of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste with Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Biogas Production

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132413665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 13665

Author(s):

Jasmine Sie Ming Tiong ◽

Yi Jing Chan ◽

Jun Wei Lim ◽

Mardawani Mohamad ◽

Chii-Dong Ho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Food Waste ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Value Added ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Simulation And Optimization ◽

Recycle Ratio ◽

Vs Removal ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Food waste (FW) utilized as substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas is promising. Simultaneously, waste is handled and value-added products such as biogas and fertilizer are produced. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is used as the co-substrate. This study aims to simulate the complete process flow of anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD), consisting of pre-treatment of feedstock, biogas upgrading, wastewater treatment and sludge dying using SuperPro Designer. Parameters, namely hydraulic retention time (HRT), recycle ratio of sludge, water to FW ratio (kg/kg) and co-substrate to FW ratio (kg/kg), would affect the performance of digester. The optimization of these parameters is performed using Design-Expert software, involving response surface methodology (RSM). The effects on responses such as methane flow, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile solid (VS) removal efficiencies are analyzed. In treating 25,000 kg/h of feed, the optimized values for HRT, recycle ratio, water to feedstock ratio, POME to FW ratio are 37.2 days, 0.381, 0.027 and 0.004, respectively. The methane yield is 0.30 L CH4/g of COD removed, with COD and VS removal efficiencies of 81.5% and 68.9%, respectively. The project is profitable, with a payback period of 6.14 years and net present value (NPV) of $5,680,000. A comprehensive understanding of AD matures it for commercialization purposes.

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Reclamation from palm oil mill effluent using an integrated zero discharge membrane-based process

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.1515/pjct-2015-0068 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A.L. Ahmad ◽

I. Idris ◽

C.Y. Chan ◽

S. Ismail

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Value Added ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Suspended Solid ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Zero Discharge ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Abstract This research emphasizes eloquently on membrane technology for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as it is the Malaysia’s largest and most important agro based industry. Findings established significant quality improvement with an efficient recovery of water from palm oil mill via innovative membrane application. Conventional bio-methods, whilst adhering to the Department of Environment’s (DOE) discharge regulations, produces brownish liquid which pales in comparison to the crystal clear water obtained through membrane treatment. The pre-treatment process consists of coagulation-flocculation using green environmental coagulant bases such as Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds. The ultrafiltration polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis were vital for the membrane processes. The system gave 99% suspended solids reduction in suspended solid and 78% of water present was successfully recovered. This technology guarantees water recovery with drinking water quality; meeting the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard or could be recycled into the plant with sludge utilization for palm oil estates, thus enabling the concept of zero discharge to be executed in the industries. In addition, green and healthy antioxidants such as oil and beta-carotene can be recovered from POME further demonstrate. Silica gel showed better performance in separation of carotenes from oil at temperature 40°C using adsorption chromatography with 1154.55 ppm. The attractiveness of this technology, enabling the utilization of reuse of agricultural waste into potentially value added products.

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Unlocking microalgal treasures: Utilization of palm oil mill effluent as growth medium for the production of value-added microalgal compounds

10.33612/diss.126441666 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Muhamad Azimatun Nur

Keyword(s):

Growth Medium ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Value Added ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Palm Oil Mill

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POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHAs) FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS: BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) TO VALUE-ADDED POLYMERS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.4042 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saiful Irwan Zubairi ◽

Athanasios Mantalaris ◽

Alexander Bismarck ◽

Syazwan Aizad

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Value Added ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Free Form ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Palm Oil Mill

The study of cancer cell has been hindered by the lack of appropriate ex vivo models, which can mimic this microenvironment. It is hypothesized that the fabrication of porous 3-D scaffolds for the biomimetics growth of cancer cells ex vivo could facilitate the study of the disease in its native 3-D niche. For that reason, biomaterials are used for fabrication of 3-D scaffold, in general, may be natural polymers such as proteins, collagens and gelatin, or synthetic biopolymers. Among the various available biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained significant interest as one of the value-added materials which can be synthesized from abundantly available source of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Down the group of the PHA, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and copolymerizing this PHB that produced PHBVs; these two polymers have the most prevalent polymer used for scaffolds fabrication. A physico-chemical and biological modification has developed to improve wetting, adhesion, and printing of polymer surfaces, generally by introducing a variety of polar groups. These techniques must be tailored to introduce a specific functional group when the surface modification is a precursor to attach a bioactive compound. There are a few methods in order to fabricate porous 3-D scaffolds such as solvent casting, particulate leaching, thermally induced phase separation, gas forming, fiber bonding, electrospinning and also solid free form method. A review of the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) for tissue engineering applications is presented, beginning with the basic naturally derived polymerization of PHAs, biotransformation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) to the value-added polymers, novel methods of scaffold fabrication capabilities and its physico-chemical and biological surface modifications to increase cell-biomaterial affinity.

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Treatment and Valorization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent through Production of Food Grade Yeast Biomass

Journal of Waste Management ◽

10.1155/2014/439071 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Joy O. Iwuagwu ◽

J. Obeta Ugwuanyi

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Value Added ◽

Inoculum Size ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Dump Site ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is high strength wastewater derived from processing of palm fruit. It is generated in large quantities in all oil palm producing nations where it is a strong pollutant amenable to microbial degradation being rich in organic carbon, nitrogen, and minerals. Valorization and treatment of POME with seven yeast isolates was studied under scalable conditions by using POME to produce value-added yeast biomass. POME was used as sole source of carbon and nitrogen and the fermentation was carried out at 150 rpm, 28 ± 2°C using an inoculum size of 1 mL of 106 cells. Yeasts were isolated from POME, dump site, and palm wine. The POME had chemical oxygen demand (COD) 114.8 gL−1, total solid 76 gL−1, total suspended solid (TSS) 44 gL−1 and total lipid 35.80 gL−1. Raw POME supported accumulation of 4.42 gL−1 dry yeast with amino acid content comparable or superior to the FAO/WHO standard for feed use SCP. Peak COD reduction (83%) was achieved with highest biomass accumulation in 96 h using Saccharomyces sp L31. POME can be used as carbon source with little or no supplementation to achieve waste-to-value by producing feed grade yeast with reduction in pollution potential.

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