Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygır in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation

Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solid with Simple Integrated Treatment as an Alternative to Meet the Household Needs for Clean Water

BACKGROUND: Domestic wastewater can cause health problems and pollute groundwater sources. Such pollution not only has a negative impact on health and the environment, but also on the cost in providing clean water. AIM: The outcome of domestic wastewater treatment through a proper technique is expected to meet the clean water quality standard for sanitation purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) on the levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) of domestic wastewater. The experiment was carried out with 6 variations of HRT, namely 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours with 4 repetitions. The media running process was carried out for 14 days until the reactor condition was in steady state. RESULTS: The results showed that the removal values ​​for COD, Oil and Fat, Ammonia and Total Coliform parameters were 68.03%, 46.51%, 69.64% and 68.99%, respectively. Based on the variation of HRT of 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours on the BOD parameter, the removal values ​​obtained were 11.7%, 21.3%, 34.7%, 49.0% and 64.1%, respectively. Furthermore, for the TSS parameter, the values obtained were 17.3%, 25.4%, 30.6%, 42.3% and 50.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: HRT was proven to have a significant effect on the levels of BOD and TSS of domestic wastewater with a p-value of <0.05 at the 95% confidence level

Efisiensi Penurunan Kadar COD, TSS, dan TDS pada Air Limbah Industri Pangan menggunakan Koagulan Poly Alumunium Chloride dengan metode Jar Test

Industri pangan menghasilkan air limbah berbahan organik dan padatan tersuspensi maupun terlarut yang tinggi. Salah satu proses pengolahan air limbah yaitu dengan proses koagulasi-flokulasi yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi dan zat organik yang dapat menyebabkan kekeruhan serta bau dengan penambahan koagulan. Penambahan koagulan pada instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) tidak dilakukan secara kuantitatif, sehingga perlu dilakukan percobaan dengan metode jar test. Tujuan percobaan untuk mengetahui pH dan dosis optimum serta efisiensi koagulan poly aluminium chloride (PAC) untuk menurunkan kadar chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), dan total dissolved solid (TDS). Hasil uji parameter COD, TSS, dan TDS dibandingkan dengan Surat Keputusan Gubernur Tingkat 1 Jawa Barat (SK Gub TK 1 Jabar) No. 6 Tahun 1999 tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kegiatan Industri di Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan diperoleh kondisi optimum koagulan PAC pada pH air limbah 6–7 dengan dosis koagulan optimum pada (80–90) mg/L. Hasil pengujian parameter TS, TDS, TSS, kekeruhan dan COD berturut-turut memberikan nilai efisiensi sebesar (52,6-57,8)%, (53,9-55,5)%, (52,4-58,1)%, (97,8-99,1)%, dan (71,6–77,1)%. Percobaan yang dilakukan membuktikan bahwa koagulan PAC mampu menurunkan kadar pada parameter uji dengan nilai efisiensi yang cukup besar.

KAJIAN KUALITAS AIR LAUT DI PERAIRAN KOTA BONTANG PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Kualitas perairan sangat dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas yang terjadi di sekitar perairan tersebut. Aktivitas perairan yang semakin tinggi lambat laun akan mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas perairan baik secara fisik, kimia maupun biologi yang pada akhirnya akan menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas sumberdaya pesisir dan laut. Kota Bontang sebagai salah satu daerah di Kalimantan Timur terkenal dengan hasil perikanannya berupa hasil laut dan hasil olahan perikanan, selain itu juga dikenal sebagai kota industri tentunya kegiatan pemantauan lingkungan melalui pengujian kualitas air harus dilakukan. secara teratur. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui status kualitas air laut berdasarkan parameter fisik, kimia dan biologi di perairan Kota Bontang. Pengambilan sampel kualitas air dilakukan pada bulan November 2020 di 6 (enam) stasiun penelitian menggunakan botol niskin dan dianalisis di laboratorium Pusat Penelitian dan Standardisasi Industri Samarinda, kemudian hasilnya dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air laut untuk biota laut berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup. Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter yang tidak sesuai dengan baku mutu meliputi parameter suhu, pH, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Amonia, Nitrat, Timbal dan Total Coliform. Parameter yang melebihi baku mutu akan berdampak pada terganggunya fungsi ekologi ekosistem di perairan dan terjadinya penurunan kualitas air laut baik secara fisik, kimia maupun biologi yang berakibat pada penurunan daya guna, hasil guna, produktivitas, daya dukung dan daya tampung sumberdaya perairan sehingga pada akhirnya akan menurunkan kekayaan sumberdaya alam.

Analisa Parameter Fisika dan Kimia Perairan Tihik Tihik Kota Bontang untuk Budidaya Rumput Laut Kapphaphycus alvarezii

Rumput laut merupakan salah satu jenis organisme budidaya yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di Kota Bontang. Kapphapycus alvarezii merupakan spesies alga merah penghasil karagenan terbesar dari volume ekspor Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelayakan kualitas air di Perairan Tihik Tihik Kota Bontang berdasarkan aspek fisika dan kimia perairan. Metode penelitian berupa metode observasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 21 April sampai dengan 17 Mei 2021. Lokasi pengambilan sample terbagi atas 5 titik Pengambilan sampel di tiap stasiun dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan kisaran kualitas air pada perairan tersebut adalah (1) suhu perairan berkisar 29,0-30,1oC; (2) derajat keasaman berkisar 7,5-8,6; (3) oksigen terlarut berkisar 3,65-4,0 ppm; (4) salinitas perairan berkisar 30,0-32,5 psu; (5) kecerahan berkisar 120,5-132,3 cm; (6) kecepatan arus berkisar 0,19-0,25 m/s; (7) kedalaman berkisar 9,10-13 m; (8) nitrat berkisar 0,04-0,05 mg/L; (9) Phosfat berkisar 0,06-0,13 mg/L; (10) total suspended solid berkisar 5-7 mg/L. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa perairan Tihik Tihik Kota Bontang layak digunakan sebagai lokasi budidaya rumput laut Kapphaphycus alvarezii.

Enhancing phenol removal from waste water by adding powder activated carbon to the lab-scale activated sludge system

In this study, the commercial powder activated carbon (PAC) was added to a bench scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) system to enhance phenol removal. The mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration of CAS with adding PAC was stable in all stages of operation, while MLSS concentrations in CAS without PAC addition sharply decreased as the Phenol loading reached 1.8 g phenol/L.day. Higher removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Phenol achieved with the CAS by PAC addition compared with those achieved with CAS without PAC addition. The difference in COD removal efficiency was 7 - 9% in stages 3 and 4 (0.8 and 1.2 g phenol/L.day, respectively), and about 33% in stage 5 (1.8 g phenol/L.day). The advantage of CAS with PAC addition was clearly observed in the highest phenol loading (1.8 g phenol/L.day) because the MLVSS/MLSS ratio of CAS with PAC addition increased and the COD and phenol removal efficiencies kept stable in this stage, while reverse trends were found for CAS without PAC addition. The results indicated that the adaptive ability of the CAS by adding PAC was significantly higher than the CAS without AC addition. This study offers useful preliminary results for applying a hybrid system between CAS and adsorption with PAC for further research and application in future.

Biodegradation potential of immobilized bacteria in the treatment of Tannery Industrial effluents from industrial estates in Kano State, Nigeria

Industrial Effluents Samples from Gashash Tanneries (TAN1) in Bompai Industrial estate, Larabee Tannery Industry (TAN2) in Sharada Industrial estate and Z Tannery Industries (TAN3) in Challawa Industrial estate, Kano State, Nigeria were collected over a period of six months (August 2017 to January 2018) for assessing the biodegradation potentials of bacteria in the treatment of organic pollutants within the effluents. Bacteria were isolated from the effluents and immobilized on agar-agar. Different masses (5 g, 10 g, 15g, 20 g, and 25 g) of the bacteria were used in the treatment of 250 ml of the effluents for ten days in a shaker incubator (Gallenkamp-OC-4364-L) at the temperature 30 °C and speed of 60 rpm. Pre-treatment analysis of the effluents for Temperature, pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) gives the following results; temperature (ºC) ranged (26.38±3.81-30.33±3.79); pH (5.35±1.57-9.00±0.78); BOD (13.85±6.42-38.75±16.20); COD (1406±208-3532±1373); SS (208±235-780±739) and TDS (266±253-5276±2971). No statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) was observed for all the results among the different industries. The bacterial isolates were identified as Neisseria spp, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, in TAN1, TAN2, and TAN3, respectively. After treatment of the effluent with the different masses of the isolated bacteria, the mean level of BOD was found to range as (0.55±0.36-6.92±5.49); COD (ND-3134±1595); SS (18±022-898±672) and TDS (4±002-83±078). The results of Post-treatment analysis showed that there is overall decrease in the levels of the parameters determined when compared with that of the pre-treatment. The overall percentage reduction of the immobilised bacteria in the treatment of the respective effluents was in the order TAN2 (72%)>TAN1 (70%)>TAN3 (62%). Hence, the immobilized bacteria are having higher biodegradation potential for the treatment of the tannery effluents.

Numerical study of geometric parameters effects on the suspended solid particles in the oil transmission pipelines

The innovation of this paper is geometric parameters effects of the oil transmission pipelines on the suspended solid particles. This geometry has been simulated with the Lattice Boltzmann Method based on D2Q9 model for analyzing solid particle tracing, streamlines, solid particle volume fraction, and nondimensional velocity field of fluid flow. These parameters have been investigated in 9 cases of the oil transmission pipelines at two different intensity of fluid flow. The results signified that maximum and minimum ranges of fluid velocity at [Formula: see text] were in case 3 that the oil transmission pipelines with diameter of the pipeline and bending radius, D and 2D, respectively. Also, maximum volume fraction of solid particles at bending radius at [Formula: see text] was in case 3 with diameter of the pipeline and bending radius, D and 2D, respectively. Also, in case 9, solid particles in the oil transmission pipelines were almost symmetrical. Finally, with comparison between figures of solid particles tracing and volume fraction of solid particles, by increasing of the diameter of oil transmission pipelines, the sediment of solid particles was decreased, also, by increasing of the bending radius of oil transmission pipelines, the sediment of solid particles was increased.

Modification of Septic Tank for Sedimentation Optimization in the Public Toilet (Case Study at Wisdom Park UGM)

Septic tank with sedimentation and anaerobic processes in the same tank is commonly used as a domestic wastewater treatment technology in individual households and communal systems. Although simple to construct, such a system has some problems, such as effluent not meeting the quality requirement and blocking by trash and suspended solid before the second treatment chamber. This research aims to develop a new septic tank design that is simpler to construct and improve performance. The new design uses HDPE material, which is easier to build and standardized compared to the conventional concrete structure. The performance of the new design was compared to the conventional septic tank. The start-up process was monitored for flowrate, COD, TSS, NH3N, PO4-P parameters and evaluated against effluent standards. The study was conducted at public toilet facilities at Wisdom Park UGM and Sunday Morning Market. Results from the study show that the new design effectively improves effluent quality and overcomes the trash problem.