Full Lead Service Line Replacement: A Case Study of Equity in Environmental Remediation

In the U.S., approximately 9.3 million lead service lines (LSLs) account for most lead contamination of drinking water. As the commitment to replace LSLs with safer materials grows, empirical evidence is needed to understand which households are benefitting most from current replacement practices. This exploratory study analyzes factors predictive of whether an LSL was replaced fully (from water main to premise) or partially (only the portion on public property). Conventional ordinary least squares, negative binomial, and geographically weighted regression models are used to test the hypothesis that full lead service line replacements (LSLRs) were less common in lower-income, higher-minority neighborhoods under a cost-sharing program design in Washington, D.C. between 2009 and 2018. The study finds supportive evidence that household income is a major predictor of full replacement prevalence, with race also showing significance in some analyses. These findings highlight the need for further research into patterns of full versus partial LSLR across the U.S. and may inform future decisions about LSLR policy and program design.

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How Construction and Capital Resource Availability Drive Regional Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction

10.29007/zx7w ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Srijesh Pradhan ◽

Erin Arneson

Keyword(s):

Resource Availability ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Residential Housing ◽

Study Region ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Housing Reconstruction ◽

Post Disaster ◽

The U.S

Natural hazards cause damages to the U.S. residential housing stock every year, and reconstruction of damaged housing is essential for the long-term community resilience. Post-disaster housing reconstruction in the U.S. is a market-driven process, influenced by the availability of construction and capital resources. Previous case studies have illustrated that housing reconstruction outcomes are uneven across different disaster-affected regions of the U.S. and may be attributable to varying availability of regional construction and capital resources. However, there is a lack of quantitative studies exploring the relationships between resourcing factors and housing reconstruction outcomes across varying geographical regions of the U.S. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), this study aims to: (1) quantify the relationships between pre-disaster construction and capital resource availability and post-disaster housing reconstruction outcomes at a regional scale; and (2) explore spatially varying relationships between resourcing factors and reconstruction outcomes. The Northeast census region of the U.S. is used as a case study for this research, due to unprecedented levels of residential housing disaster damages from 2011-2012. Results from the case study highlighted significant relationships between resource availability and reconstruction outcomes, and the relationships varied across the study region.

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Case Study concerning the Application of the U.S. Antidumping Law

International Commerce and Information Review ◽

10.15798/kaici.10.3.200809.143 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 143-162

Author(s):

Choong Lyong Ha ◽

한나희

Keyword(s):

Antidumping Law ◽

The U.S

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The U.S. Anti-Satellite Program: A Case Study in Decision-Making

10.21236/ada437214 ◽

1989 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel L. Burkett ◽

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

The U.S

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Structural State Dependence and Consumers' Unobserved Heterogeneity: A Case Study of the U.S. Coffee Market

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2995322 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ziyi Qiu

Keyword(s):

Structural State ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

State Dependence ◽

Coffee Market ◽

The U.S

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Free Trade on Television: The Triumph of Business Rhetoric

Canadian Journal of Communication ◽

10.22230/cjc.1992v17n1a649 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Block

Keyword(s):

Free Trade ◽

Free Trade Agreement ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Complex Issue ◽

Le Canada ◽

The U.S

Abstract: This paper attempts to unravel the very complex issue of balance first by addressing its historical and theoretical contexts. Then the coverage of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is used as a case study. Résumé: Dans cet article l'auteur s'applique à décortiquer la complexité de la controverse notion de "balance'' dans la couverture médiatique. Il la place d'abord dans son contexte historique et théorique. Il s'appuie, ensuite, comme exemple, sur le suivi que les médias ont fait autour des pourparlers et de l'entente du libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis.

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A Method for Assessing Threats to the Economic Security of a Region: A Case Study of Public Procurement in Russia

Risks ◽

10.3390/risks9010010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Valentina Kravchenko ◽

Tatiana Kudryavtseva ◽

Yuriy Kuporov

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Public Procurement ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Economic Security ◽

Government Procurement ◽

Security Monitoring ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Monitoring Tools ◽

Russian Region

The issue of economic security is becoming an increasingly urgent one. The purpose of this article is to develop a method for assessing threats to the economic security of the Russian region. This method is based on step-by-step actions: first of all, choosing an element of the region’s economic security system and collecting its descriptive indicators; then grouping indicators by admittance-process-result categories and building hypotheses about their influence; testing hypotheses using a statistical package and choosing the most significant connections, which can pose a threat to the economic security of the region; thereafter ranking regions by the level of threats and developing further recommendations. The importance of this method is that with the help of grouping regions (territory of a country) based on proposed method, it is possible to develop individual economic security monitoring tools. As a result, the efficiency of that country’s region can be higher. In this work, the proposed method was tested in the framework of public procurement in Russia. A total of 14 indicators of procurement activity were collected for each region of the Russian Federation for the period from 2014 to 2018. Regression models were built on the basis of the grouped indicators. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Estimation was used. As a result of pairwise regression models analysis, we have defined four significant relationships between public procurement indicators. There are positive connections between contracts that require collateral and the percentage of tolerances, between the number of bidders and the number of regular suppliers, between the number of bidders and the average price drop, and between the number of purchases made from a single supplier and the number of contracts concluded without reduction. It was determined that the greatest risks for the system were associated with the connection between competition and budget savings. It was proposed to rank analyzed regions into four groups: ineffective government procurement, effective government procurement, and government procurement that threatens the system of economic security of the region, that is, high competition with low savings and low competition with high savings. Based on these groups, individual economic security monitoring tools can be developed for each region.

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Innovative promotional strategies and diversification of flavoured mass merchandise cigar products: a case study of Swedish match

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ollie Ganz ◽

Mary Hrywna ◽

Kevin R J Schroth ◽

Cristine D Delnevo

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Authority ◽

Business Practice ◽

Smoking Prevention ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

The Family ◽

Promotional Efforts ◽

Promotional Strategies ◽

Definition Of ◽

The U.S

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (TCA) granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority over tobacco products, although initially this only included cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and roll-your-own tobacco. In 2016, the deeming rule extended regulatory authority to include all tobacco products, including cigars. The deeming rule prohibited the introduction of new tobacco products into the marketplace without proper marketing authorisation and laid out pathways for tobacco companies to follow. The deeming rule should have frozen the cigar marketplace in 2016. In this paper, we describe how the cigarillo marketplace, nevertheless, continues to diversify with new brands, flavors, styles and packaging sizes entering the market regularly. As an example, we highlight recent promotional efforts by Swedish Match North America (Swedish Match) for their popular cigarillo brands, including White Owl, Night Owl and Garcia y Vega’s Game brand. We argue that ambiguities in the TCA make it unclear whether Swedish Match’s seemingly new cigarillos fit the definition of new tobacco products and, if so, whether they are on the market legally. Swedish Match and other cigarillo companies may be taking advantage of these ambiguities to promote a variety of cigarillo flavors and styles in innovative ways. Given that cigars are combustible tobacco products that pose many of the same risks as cigarettes, this business practice raises significant concerns regarding the protection of public health, particularly among young people.

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