scholarly journals Interaction between Floral Merism and Symmetry: Evidence from Fasciated Mutant of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae)

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Andrey Sinjushin ◽  
Ekaterina Bykova ◽  
Vladimir Choob
Keyword(s):  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Floral Part ◽  
Pollination Efficiency ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Floral Ontogeny ◽  
Floral Symmetry ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

A significant diversity of flower structure in angiosperms is defined by few parameters, among which one may list floral merism and symmetry as the most important. However, observation of normal variation in different taxa indicates that high floral merism (more than six organs) is very rarely associated with a monosymmetry. Precise mechanisms underlying this tendency, as well as the mode of interaction between regulatory pathways of floral symmetry and merism, remain unidentified. In this work, we observed the floral ontogeny in normal plants of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae), described the floral structure and its variations in fasciated mutant. Our results suggest that monosymmetry is regulated independently from the floral merism, so three types of petals differentiate properly even in flowers with an anomalously high number of organs. However, the adaxial floral domain is the most stable floral part, which is the least susceptible to the fluctuations of merism. This means that some genes responsible for the development of the adaxial flower domain may additionally stabilize it and hence prevent fluctuations of merism in the adaxial domain. The monosymmetry in Leguminosae is a character connected with pollination by insects and requires a precise interaction between all floral parts. That is why fluctuations, which impair this interaction and symmetry, may decrease the pollination efficiency.

A study on the pollination mechanism in field beans (Vicia faba L.)

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Kambal ◽  
D. A. Bond ◽  
Gillian Toynbee-Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Short Route ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Short Style ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
New Information ◽  
Stigmatic Papillae ◽  
Field Beans

SummaryInbred lines and hybrids of English tick and horse beans and exotic stocks were studied with respect to pod set, floral structure and pollen production and germination to find out why most inbred lines set few or no seeds without tripping whereas most hybrids and some inbred lines set equally well with or without tripping. The most important outcome was new information on variation between genotypes in flower structure and pollen quantity and on how these two characters affect the mechanics of self-pollination. Though heterosis in terms of abundant pollen production could be a factor in the self-pollinating ability of hybrids, some of the inbred lines were capable of self pollination despite limited pollen production, because the structure of the flower permitted the pollen to reach the stigma via a short route. The floral features associated with the ability to self-pollinate in the inbred lines included a relatively short style bending at more or less a right angle, few and short stylar hairs and stigmatic papillae, and less pronounced ridges on the inside of the keel petals. The implications of these findings to the development of self-pollin ated varieties of field beans are briefly discussed.

Teaching Flower Structure & Floral Formulae —— A Mix of the Real & Virtual Worlds

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
First Year ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
The Real ◽  
First Year University

The study of flower structure is essential in plant identification and in understanding sexual reproduction in plants, pollination syndromes, plant breeding, and fruit structure. Thus, study of flower structure and construction of floral formulae are standard parts of first-year university botany and biology courses. These activities involve developing a complex set of skills, and it is useful for students to review this material after practical sessions. The Virtual Floral Formula Web site provides students with a unique resource for practicing their floral structure interpretation skills. The site provides detailed dissection photographs of the flowers of 12 species, and floral formulae are progressively assembled via drop-down menus. When students are satisfied with their answers, they submit them, and any discrepancies from the ‘‘official’’ formula are highlighted. Students appreciate the interactivity of the application, the feedback they receive on any inaccuracies in their formulae, and the ability to make progressive improvements in their skills.

Non-Polar Variation of Latitude

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yumi
Keyword(s):  
Polar Motion ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Latitude Variation ◽  
Local Trend

ABSTRACTAnalysing the residual latitude of the station, local trend in latitude variation other than by the polar motion was found.Residual latitude was calculated for each of 26 stations which gave the continuous records of observation during 6 years comprising — 1962 — 1967 as a difference between observed variation of latitude and – normal variation calculated by the polar coordinates Iderived from all the results of 26 stations.As far as the results during these six years are concerned, local trend at any station it seemed to be expressed in terms of 3λ.Assumed effect of local trend on the coordinates values of the instantaneous pole is also discussed.

ULTRADIAN adrenal steroid metabolodynamics successfully discriminates pituitary Cushing's disease from healthy normal variation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Upton ◽  
Eder Zavala ◽  
Diane Fraser ◽  
Paal Methlie ◽  
Georgina Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Adrenal Steroid

Dynamics of fatty acid regulatory genes during ovarian development in Penaeus monodon

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pacharawan Deenarn ◽  
Punsa Tobwor ◽  
Rungnapa Leelatanawit ◽  
Somjai Wongtriphop ◽  
Jutatip Khudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Eyestalk Ablation ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Expression Levels

The delay in ovarian maturation in farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has resulted in the widespread practice of feeding broodstock with the polychaetes Perinereis nuntia and their unilateral eyestalk ablation. Although this practice alters fatty acid content in shrimp ovaries and hepatopancreas, its effects on fatty acid regulatory genes have yet to be systematically examined. Here, microarray analysis was performed on hepatopancreas and ovary cDNA collected from P. monodon at different ovarian maturation stages, revealing that 72 and 58 genes in fatty acid regulatory pathways were differentially expressed in hepatopancreas and ovaries respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ovarian maturation was associated with higher expression levels of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA oxidase 3 and long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 in hepatopancreas, whereas the expression levels of 15 fatty acid regulatory genes were increased in shrimp ovaries. To distinguish the effects of different treatments, transcriptional changes were examined in P. monodon with stage 1 ovaries before polychaete feeding, after one-month of polychaete feeding and after eyestalk ablation. Polychaete feeding resulted in lower expression levels of enoyl-CoA hydratase and acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4, while the expression level of phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 was higher in shrimp hepatopancreas and ovaries. Additionally, eyestalk ablation resulted in a higher expression level of long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 in both tissues. Together, our findings describe the dynamics of fatty acid regulatory pathways during crustacean ovarian development and provide potential target genes for alternatives to eyestalk ablation in the future.

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