scholarly journals On the Loss of Learning Capability Inside an Arrangement of Neural Networks: The Bottleneck Effect in Black-Holes

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1484
Author(s):  
Ivan Arraut ◽  
Diana Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Black Holes ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Radiation Effect ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Bottleneck Effect ◽  
Loss Of Information ◽  
Physics Of Black Holes ◽  
Bogoliubov Transformations

We analyze the loss of information and the loss of learning capability inside an arrangement of neural networks. Our method is based on the formulation of the Bogoliubov transformations in order to connect the information between different points of the arrangement. Similar methods translated to the physics of black-holes, reproduce the Hawking radiation effect. From this perspective we can conclude that the black-holes are objects reproducing naturally the bottleneck effect, which is fundamental in neural networks in order to perceive the useful information, eliminating in this way the noise.

The entropy evolution of a noncommutative black hole under Hawking radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (30) ◽  
pp. 2050194
Author(s):  
Peng Wen ◽  
Xin-Yang Wang ◽  
Wen-Biao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Final State ◽  
Loss Of Information ◽  
Proportion Function ◽  
Interior Volume

By calculating the entropy of a scalar field in the interior volume of noncommutative black holes and considering an infinitesimal process of Hawking radiation, a proportion function is constructed that reflects the evolution relation between the scalar field entropy and Bekenstein–Hawking entropy under Hawking radiation. Comparing with the case of Schwarzschild black holes, the new physics of this research can be expanded to the later stage of Hawking radiation. From the result, we find that the proportion function is still a constant in the earlier stage of Hawking radiation, which is identical to the case of Schwarzschild black holes. As Hawking radiation goes into the later stage, the behavior of the function will be dominated by the noncommutative effect. In this circumstance, the proportion function is no longer a constant and decreases with the evaporation process. When the noncommutative black hole evolves into its final state with Hawking radiation, the interior volume will converge to a certain value, which implies that the loss of information of the black hole during the evaporation process will finally be stored in the limited interior volume.

scholarly journals Black-Hole evaporation and quantum-depletion in Bose–Einstein condensates

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150006
Author(s):  
Ivan Arraut
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Einstein Condensate ◽  
Zero Temperature ◽  
Black Hole Evaporation ◽  
Bose Einstein Condensate ◽  
Bose Einstein ◽  
Bogoliubov Transformations

We study the analogy between the Hawking radiation in Black-Holes and the quantum depletion process of a Bose–Einstein condensate by using the Bogoliubov transformations method. We find that the relation between the Bogoliubov coefficients is similar in both cases (in the appropriate regimes). We then connect the condensate variables with those associated to the Black-Hole, demonstrating then that the zero temperature regime of the condensate is equivalent to the existence of an event horizon in gravity.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE, HAWKING RADIATION AND QUASINORMAL MODES

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1242023 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN CORDA
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Quasinormal Modes ◽  
Gravity Theory ◽  
Large N ◽  
Physics Of Black Holes

Parikh and Wilczek have shown that Hawking radiation's spectrum cannot be strictly thermal. Such a nonstrictly thermal character implies that the spectrum is also not strictly continuous and thus generates a natural correspondence between Hawking radiation and black hole's quasinormal modes. This issue endorses the idea that, in an underlying unitary quantum gravity theory, black holes result in highly excited states. We use this key point to re-analyze the spectrum of black hole's quasinormal modes by introducing a black hole's effective temperature. Our analysis changes the physical understanding of such a spectrum and enables a re-examination of various results in the literature which realizes important modifications on quantum physics of black holes. In particular, the formula of the horizon's area quantization and the number of quanta of area are modified into functions of the quantum "overtone" number n. Consequently, Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, its sub-leading corrections and the number of microstates, i.e. quantities which are fundamental to realize unitary quantum gravity theory, are also modified. They become functions of the quantum overtone number too. Previous results in the literature are re-obtained in the very large n limit.

scholarly journals The Quantum Physics of Black Holes: Results from String Theory

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit R. Das ◽  
Samir D. Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
String Theory ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Physics Of Black Holes

▪ Abstract  We review recent progress in our understanding of the physics of black holes. In particular, we discuss the ideas from string theory that explain the entropy of black holes from a counting of microstates of the hole, and the related derivation of unitary Hawking radiation from such holes.

scholarly journals Islands and stretched horizon

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Entanglement Entropy ◽  
Total System ◽  
Island Rule ◽  
Asymptotically Flat ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
Ads Spacetime ◽  
Hole Geometry

Abstract Recently it was proposed that the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation contains the information of a region including the interior of the event horizon, which is called “island.” In studies of the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation, the total system in the black hole geometry is separated into the Hawking radiation and black hole. In this paper, we study the entanglement entropy of the black hole in the asymptotically flat Schwarzschild spacetime. Consistency with the island rule for the Hawking radiation implies that the information of the black hole is located in a different region than the island. We found an instability of the island in the calculation of the entanglement entropy of the region outside a surface near the horizon. This implies that the region contains all the information of the total system and the information of the black hole is localized on the surface. Thus the surface would be interpreted as the stretched horizon. This structure also resembles black holes in the AdS spacetime with an auxiliary flat spacetime, where the information of the black hole is localized at the interface between the AdS spacetime and the flat spacetime.

scholarly journals Explaining Neural Networks Using Attentive Knowledge Distillation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1280
Author(s):  
Hyeonseok Lee ◽  
Sungchan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Model Prediction ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Network Layers ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Knowledge Distillation

Explaining the prediction of deep neural networks makes the networks more understandable and trusted, leading to their use in various mission critical tasks. Recent progress in the learning capability of networks has primarily been due to the enormous number of model parameters, so that it is usually hard to interpret their operations, as opposed to classical white-box models. For this purpose, generating saliency maps is a popular approach to identify the important input features used for the model prediction. Existing explanation methods typically only use the output of the last convolution layer of the model to generate a saliency map, lacking the information included in intermediate layers. Thus, the corresponding explanations are coarse and result in limited accuracy. Although the accuracy can be improved by iteratively developing a saliency map, this is too time-consuming and is thus impractical. To address these problems, we proposed a novel approach to explain the model prediction by developing an attentive surrogate network using the knowledge distillation. The surrogate network aims to generate a fine-grained saliency map corresponding to the model prediction using meaningful regional information presented over all network layers. Experiments demonstrated that the saliency maps are the result of spatially attentive features learned from the distillation. Thus, they are useful for fine-grained classification tasks. Moreover, the proposed method runs at the rate of 24.3 frames per second, which is much faster than the existing methods by orders of magnitude.

HAWKING RADIATION VIA TUNNELING OF MASSIVE PARTICLES FROM A GRAVITY'S RAINBOW

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (38) ◽  
pp. 3229-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHENG-ZHOU LIU
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Quantum Effect ◽  
Massive Particle ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Gravity’S Rainbow ◽  
Gravity's Rainbow ◽  
Corrected Entropy ◽  
Massive Particles ◽  
Massive Particle Tunneling

In the tunneling framework of Hawking radiation, the quantum tunneling of massive particles in the modified Schwarzschild black holes from gravity's rainbow is investigated. While the massive particle tunneling from the event horizon, the metric fluctuation is taken into account, not only due to energy conservation but also to the Planck scale effect of spacetime. The obtained results show that, the emission rate is related to changes of the black hole's quantum corrected entropies before and after the emission. This implies that, considering the quantum effect of spacetime, information conservation of black holes is probable. Meanwhile, the quantum corrected entropy of the modified black hole is obtained and the leading correction behave as log-area type. And that, the emission spectrum with Planck scale correction is obtained and it deviates from the thermal spectrum.

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