scholarly journals Preference for Facial Symmetry Depends on Study Design

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Lee ◽  
Jessica K. De La Mare ◽  
Hannah R. Moore ◽  
Pamela C. Umeh
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Facial Symmetry ◽  
2Afc Task ◽  
The Difference

Facial symmetry is purportedly attractive, though methods for measuring preference for facial symmetry vary between studies. Some studies have used a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task, while others have used a ratings task. How researchers manipulate facial symmetry also varies; some studies have used faces manipulated to be more (or perfectly) symmetrical, while others have used faces manipulated to be more asymmetrical. Here, across three studies, we evaluate and compare these different methods. In Studies 1 and 2 (N = 340 and 256, respectively), we compare facial symmetry preferences as measured by the 2AFC and ratings tasks. Across both studies, we consistently found a significant preference for facial symmetry when using the 2AFC task, but not with the ratings task. Additionally, correlations between facial symmetry preferences as measured by the two tasks were weak or showed no association. In Study 3, 159 participants rated the attractiveness of faces manipulated to be either symmetrical or more asymmetrical. The asymmetrical faces were rated as significantly less attractive compared to the original faces, while the difference in attractiveness ratings between the original and symmetrical versions was comparatively much smaller. These studies suggest that preference for facial symmetry depends greatly on the study design.

Opening plugged tympanostomy tubes: Effect of inner diameter and shaft length

2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay J. Mehta ◽  
Gary R. Stevens ◽  
Patrick J. Antonelli
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Tympanostomy Tube ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
Shaft Length ◽  
Tympanostomy Tubes ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
The Difference

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tympanostomy tube (TT) inner diameter or shaft length impacts the rate of mucoid plug clearance. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Ex vivo model. Silicone TTs with different inner-diameters (ID) and shaft-length (SL) pairings (1.14 mm ID × 12 mm SL versus 1.14 mm ID × 1 mm SL; 1.14 mm ID × 4.8 mm SL versus 1.32 mm ID × 4.8 mm SL) were plugged with middle-ear mucus (n = 15 per group) and placed in a model ear chamber. Ofloxacin otic solution was instilled into the chamber to cover the plugged TT, and the time to clearance of each plug was recorded. RESULTS: TTs with larger IDs ( P = 0.019) and greater SLs ( P = 0.033) cleared plugs more rapidly. However, the difference in the percentage of tubes that unplugged was not significant ( P = 0.151). CONCLUSIONS: Rate of ex vivo TT plug clearance may be altered by changing TT ID and SL.

scholarly journals Familiarity Changes as a Function of Perceptual Shifts

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 518-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Algarabel ◽  
Alfonso Pitarque
Keyword(s):  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
New Words ◽  
The Third ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Additional Phase

This experiment compares the yes-no and forced recognition tests as methods of measuring familiarity. Participants faced a phase of 3 study-test recognition trials in which they studied words using all the letters of the alphabet (overlapping condition, O), and an additional phase in which targets and lures did not share any letters (non-overlapping condition, NO). Finally, subjects performed a forced-choice task in which they had to choose one of two new words, each from one of the subsets (Parkin et al., 2001). Results in the NO condition were better than in the O condition in the yes-no recognition test, while the forced-choice rate was significantly higher than .50, showing their sensitivity to familiarity. When the letter set of the words for study in the third list of the NO condition was switched, the difference between NO and O conditions disappeared in yes-no test, while the force-choice rate was not higher than .50. We conclude that both the yes-no test and the forced-choice test are valid and equivalent measures of familiarity under the right conditions.

scholarly journals Temporal Artery Temperature Measurement in the Neonate

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashette Syrkin-Nikolau ◽  
Karen Johnson ◽  
Tarah Colaizy ◽  
Ruthann Schrock ◽  
Edward Bell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Temporal Artery ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Postmenstrual Age ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objective We compared an infrared temporal artery thermometer with our clinical standard axillary thermometer for temperature measurements in neonatal patients. Study Design We measured temporal artery (Tta), axillary (Tax, clinical standard), and rectal (Tr, gold standard) temperatures of 49 infants. The difference between Tr and Tta was compared with that between Tr and Tax, and the data were analyzed based on bed type and postmenstrual age. Results The mean Tta, Tax, and Tr were 37.16 (SD 0.36) °C, 36.61 (SD 0.30) °C, and 36.82 (SD 0.30) °C, respectively. The measurements by these methods were all significantly different. The mean Tr-Tax was 0.21 (SD 0.26) °C, and the mean Tr-Tta was −0.34 (SD 0.37) °C, indicating that Tax was closer to Tr than was Tta (p < 0.0001). Tta agreed more closely with Tr for infants in cribs than for those in incubators. Adjusting for bed type and body weight, with each week of postmenstrual age, the discrepancy between Tr-Tta and Tr-Tax decreased by 0.005°C (p = 0.034). Conclusion Compared with the gold standard, Tr, Tta is not more accurate than Tax. The temporal artery thermometer was less accurate for infants in incubators than for infants in cribs. The accuracy of temporal artery temperature increased with postmenstrual age.

scholarly journals REAKTUALISASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PESANTREN DI ERA GLOBALISASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Muhammad Lutfi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Teaching Model ◽  
Environmental Material ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Expository Teaching

The study aimed to determine (1) Learning Auditory Intellectually Repetition (AIR) model on student’s problem solving abilities environmental material. (2) Expository model teaching on student’s problem solving abilities environmental material. (3) The difference between AIR and expository teaching model on student’s problem solving abilities and environmental material is better between the two. The population in this study were students of class XI-IPS SMA Negeri 2 Brebes. The samples taken at random sampling with XI-IPS 1 as an experimental class and XI-IPS 2 as a control class. The study design used was quasy experimental with posttest-only control design.

scholarly journals Non-conscious Perception of Facial Expression with Continuous Flash Suppression: A Signal Detection Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Pournaghdali ◽  
Bennett L. Shwartz ◽  
Jason Scott Hays ◽  
Fabian Soto
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
2Afc Task ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Fearful Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Face Stimuli

The aim of this study was to explore if a conservative response criterion is responsible for non-conscious perception of facial expressions during continuous flash suppression (CFS). We hypothesized that participants’ sensitivity in a detection task would be significantly lower than their sensitivity in a 2-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task while using CFS. After rendering images of faces with different facial expression (fearful vs. neutral) invisible for 500 milliseconds (ms) and 700 ms using CFS, participants judged the presence/absence of the faces with a detection task and the emotion of faces with a 2AFC task. When we rendered the face stimuli invisible for 500 ms, participants discriminated the signal (fearful face) from noise (neutral face) by having a higher sensitivity in the 2AFC task compared to the detection task. When we rendered the face stimuli invisible for 700 ms, the difference between participants’ sensitivities in the two tasks disappeared.

scholarly journals A proposed novel ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy technique - the in-plane wire-in-needle approach: study design and rationale for multicenteric randomized controlled clinical trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Mariam A. Alansari ◽  
Fadi Al-Jamaan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Ultra Sound ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Dilatational Tracheostomy ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
The Difference

<p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Background: </span></strong>The current evidence regarding the applications of Ultra Sound (US) in Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy (PDT) is encouraging. US guided PDT (US-PDT) has recently been recommended in difficult cases and is given a preference compared to bronchoscope guided PDT. The question on the difference in safety and efficacy of the different approaches in US-PDT (with or without the use of any technique to improve needle visualization) during US-PDT and whether it is likely to make a difference needs to be answered.</p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></strong>Literatures examining the different US-PDT approaches as well as whether any technique to improving needle visualization that has been used during US-PDT in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBAS E, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for in an attempt to answer the two questions raised. No study has yet compared the in plane to the out of plane approach for US-PDT nor looked at improving needle visualization during US-PDT. This raised the need for a clinical trial looking at the difference between the different US-PDT approaches with or without ways to improve needle visualization during US-PDT.</p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong>Utilizing the best available evidence in US guided procedures in the Intensive Care Units (ICU), we proposed a study design that we think is likely to make a difference in US-PDT practice. The study is designed to assess the safety and efficacy of US guided PDT using the in-plane (I.P.) approach enhanced with the use of Wire-in-needle approach (W.I.N.A) and rocking motion of the transducer compared to the traditional out-of-plane approach without W.I.N.A.</p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> The proposed (In-plane Wire-In-needle approach = I.P.W.I.N.A) as a potential to be a standard of care in US-PDT has its own limitations. Its safety, efficacy and feasibility in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials research settings needs to be tested and verified.</span></p>

scholarly journals ORAL HEALTH

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 680-684
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilyas ◽  
Sadaf Zahid ◽  
Anam Rafiq ◽  
Maham Bilal ◽  
Narmeen Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Dental Hospital ◽  
Mixed Study ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Oral health is considered as being free from any kind of oraldisease. Objectives: To explore the LAYMAN’S PERSPECTIVE regarding oral health, hisawareness about oral diseases. To examine their attitude and beliefs regarding the maintenanceof oral health. Study Design: We conducted mixed study on educated and uneducated people.Study Period: 01 May, 2016 to 01 May, 2017 Study Place: Punjab dental hospital, Lahore.Material & Methods: Qualitative method was used to collect knowledge and perspective ofuneducated people. Quantitative method was used to collect data from educated people. Weinterviewed uneducated people in differenst places of Lahore and questionnaires were filled byeducated people. Results: 58% of educated people and majority of uneducated people thinkthey should visit dentist only at the time of need. 73% educated people said bleeding gumsare indicative of oral disease, while majority of uneducated people said it does not indicateoral disease. Educated people were somewhat more aware of oral health and oral diseasewhile uneducated people were unaware of even maintenance of oral health and its importance.Conclusion: Education makes the difference. Educated people have more awareness aboutoral health. Still awareness is needed a lot.

scholarly journals Estimating protection afforded by prior infection in preventing reinfection: Applying the test-negative study design

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houssein H. Ayoub ◽  
Milan Tomy ◽  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
Heba N. Altarawneh ◽  
Peter Coyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
National Level ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
True Value ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Cohort Study Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Negative Estimate ◽  
Prior Infection

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted an urgent need to use infection testing databases to rapidly estimate effectiveness of prior infection in preventing reinfection (PES) by novel variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: Mathematical modeling was used to demonstrate the applicability of the test-negative, case-control study design to derive PES. Modeling was also used to investigate effects of bias in PES estimation. The test-negative design was applied to national-level testing data in Qatar to estimate PES for SARS-CoV-2 infection and to validate this design. Results: Apart from the very early phase of an epidemic, the difference between the test-negative estimate for PES and the true value of PES was minimal and became negligible as the epidemic progressed. The test-negative design provided robust estimation of PES even when PES began to wane after prior infection. Assuming that only 25% of prior infections are documented, misclassification of prior infection status underestimated PES, but the underestimate was considerable only when >50% of the population was ever infected. Misclassification of latent infection, misclassification of current active infection, and scale-up of vaccination all resulted in negligible bias in estimated PES. PES against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta variants was estimated at 97.0% (95% CI: 93.6-98.6) and 85.5% (95% CI: 82.4-88.1), respectively. These estimates were validated using a cohort study design. Conclusions: The test-negative design offers a feasible, robust method to estimate protection from prior infection in preventing reinfection.

scholarly journals Comparative trials on hybrid walking systems for people with paraplegia: An analysis of study methodology

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ijzerman ◽  
G. Baardman ◽  
H. J. Hermens ◽  
P. H. Veltink ◽  
H. B. K. Boom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthoses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Comparative Trials

A new orthosis (SEPRIX) which combines user friendliness with low energy cost of walking has been developed and will be subject to a clinical comparison with conventional hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses. In designing such comparative trials it was considered it may be worthwhile to use previous clinical studies as practical examples. A literature search was conducted in order to select all comparative trials which have studied two walking systems (hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses) for patients with a complete thoracic lesion. Study population, intervention, study design, outcome measurement and statistical analyses were examined. Statistical power was calculated where possible. Of 12 selected studies, 7 were simple A-B comparisons, 2 A-B comparisons with a replication, 2 cross-over trials and 1 non-randomised parallel group design, the last of which was considered internally invalid due to severe confounding by indication. All A-B comparisons were considered internally invalid as well, since they have not taken into account that a comparison of two orthoses requires a control for aspecific effects (like test effects) which may cause a difference. Statistical power could only be examined in 4 studies and the highest statistical power achieved in one study was 47 %. It is concluded that statistical power was too low to be able to detect differences. Even analysis through interval estimation showed that the estimation of the difference was too imprecise to be useful. Since the majority of the surveyed papers have reported small studies (of only 4–6 patients), it is assumed that lack of statistical power is a more general problem. Three possibilities are discussed in order to enhance statistical power in comparative trials, i.e. multicentre studies, statistical pooling of results and improving the efficiency of study design by means of interrupted time series designs.

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