scholarly journals Description of a New Scaled Species of Ptychostomella (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) from the Brazilian Coast and a Cladistics Analysis of the Genus

Taxonomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-289
Author(s):  
Thiago Q. Araújo ◽  
André R. S. Garraffoni
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Lateral Body ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Internal Relationship

A new species of marine Gastrotricha from the north coast of São Paulo state, Brazil, is described. Adults of Ptychostomella sebastiana sp. nov. are unique in that they possess a pair of dorsolateral “rod-like” cephalic sensory organs and subrectangular scales covering the lateral body surfaces. A cladistic analysis was performed to investigate the internal relationship of the representatives of the taxa based on morphological data. Our analysis supported the monophyly of the taxon Ptychostomella, but its internal phylogenetic relationships are not well established due to the low phylogenetic signal of morphological characters used in the present study.

A review of the North and Central American Megachile subgenus Argyropile Mitchell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1461 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR H. GONZALEZ ◽  
TERRY L. GRISWOLD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Central American ◽  
Apical Margin ◽  
Margin Entire ◽  
The North ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

We provide a synopsis of Megachile subgenus Argyropile, describe a new species from Mexico and Guatemala, present descriptions for previously unknown males, and explore the internal phylogeny of the group. We also provide an illustrated key in Spanish and English to all of its species. Seven species, including Megachile longuisetosa Gonzalez & Griswold, new species, are recognized herein. Females of M. longuisetosa can be separated from other species of Argyropile by the combination of the following characters: mid basitarsus with anterodistal margin strongly, acutely projected, mesoscutal-mesoscutellar suture with distinct pubescent fascia, and apical margin of sixth sternum abruptly bent dorsally and males by the sixth tergum with preapical carina and apical margin entire, fifth and sixth sterna with simple, unmodified setae, and apex of gonoforceps with long setae. The males of Megachile sabinensis and M. rossi, are described and illustrated for the first time. Megachile asterae and M. tulariana are considered as new synonyms of M. parallela. In a cladistic analysis, two most parsimonious trees were obtained for Argyropile, from 13 morphological characters. Two clades were clearly differentiated: one clade includes M. sabinensis and M. subparallela, while the other one includes the remaining species. The phylogenetic relationship of the new species and the biology of the subgenus are discussed.

Generic Delimitations and Relationships of the Cape Genera Capnophyllum, Dasispermum, and Sonderina, the North African Genera Krubera and Stoibrax, and a New Monotypic Genus of the Subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Magee ◽  
Ben-Erik van Wyk ◽  
Patricia M. Tilney ◽  
Stephen R. Downie
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
North African ◽  
African Species ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Relationship Of

Generic circumscriptions and phylogenetic relationships of the Cape genera Capnophyllum, Dasispermum, and Sonderina are explored through parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps16 intron sequences, morphology, and combined molecular and morphological data. The relationship of these genera with the North African genera Krubera and Stoibrax is also assessed. Analyses of both molecular data sets place Capnophyllum, Dasispermum, Sonderina, and the only southern African species of Stoibrax (S. capense) within the newly recognized Lefebvrea clade of tribe Tordylieae. Capnophyllum is strongly supported as monophyletic and is distantly related to Krubera. The monotypic genus Dasispermum and Stoibrax capense are embedded within a paraphyletic Sonderina. This complex is distantly related to the North African species of Stoibrax in tribe Apieae, in which the type species, Stoibrax dichotomum, occurs. Consequently, Dasispermum is expanded to include both Sonderina and Stoibrax capense. New combinations are formalized for Dasispermum capense, D. hispidum, D. humile, and D. tenue. An undescribed species from the Tanqua Karoo in South Africa is also closely related to Capnophyllum and the Dasispermum–Sonderina complex. The genus Scaraboides is described herein to accommodate the new species, S. manningii. This monotypic genus shares the dorsally compressed fruit and involute marginal wings with Capnophyllum, but is easily distinguished by its erect branching habit, green leaves, scabrous umbels, and fruit with indistinct median and lateral ribs, additional solitary vittae in each marginal wing, and parallel, closely spaced commissural vittae. Despite the marked fruit similarities with Capnophyllum, analyses of DNA sequence data place Scaraboides closer to the Dasispermum–Sonderina complex, with which it shares the erect habit, green (nonglaucous) leaves, and scabrous umbels.

Biemna trisigmata sp. n., a new sponge from the North coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 639 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Mothes ◽  
Maurício A. De Campos
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Biemna Gray, 1867, B. trisigmata sp. n., is described from the northern Brazilian coast, Amap State. The new species is compared to other tropical West Atlantic species of Biemna, from which it differs in having three categories of sigmas and two categories of microxeas.

scholarly journals DNA Barcoding: Mixed results for big-headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1423 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY H. SKEVINGTON ◽  
CHRISTIAN KEHLMAIER ◽  
GUNILLA STÅHLS
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Taxonomic Decision ◽  
Morphological Species

Sequence data from 658 base pairs of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) were analysed for 28 described species of Pipunculidae (Diptera) in an effort to test the concept of DNA Barcoding on this family. Two recently revised but distantly related pipunculid lineages with presumed different evolutionary histories were used for the test (Clistoabdominalis Skevington, 2001 and Nephrocerus Zetterstedt, 1838). An effort was made to test the concept using sister taxa and morphologically similar sibling species swarms in these two genera. Morphological species concepts for Clistoabdominalis taxa were either supported by cox1 data or found to be too broad. Most of the discordance could be accounted for after reassessing morphological characters. In these cases, the molecular data were invaluable in assisting taxonomic decision-making. The radiation of Nearctic species of Nephrocerus could not be diagnosed using cox1. The ability of cox1 to recover phylogenetic signal was also tested on Clistoabdominalis. Morphological data for Clistoabdominalis were combined with the molecular data set. The pipunculid phylogeny from molecular data closely resembles the published phylogeny based on morphology. Partitioned Bremer support is used to localize areas of conflict between the datasets.

scholarly journals Computational biomechanics changes our view on insect head evolution

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1848) ◽  
pp. 20162412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Blanke ◽  
Peter J. Watson ◽  
Richard Holbrey ◽  
Michael J. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Character State ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Computational Biomechanics ◽  
Relationship Of

Despite large-scale molecular attempts, the relationships of the basal winged insect lineages dragonflies, mayflies and neopterans, are still unresolved. Other data sources, such as morphology, suffer from unclear functional dependencies of the structures considered, which might mislead phylogenetic inference. Here, we assess this problem by combining for the first time biomechanics with phylogenetics using two advanced engineering techniques, multibody dynamics analysis and finite-element analysis, to objectively identify functional linkages in insect head structures which have been used traditionally to argue basal winged insect relationships. With a biomechanical model of unprecedented detail, we are able to investigate the mechanics of morphological characters under biologically realistic load, i.e. biting. We show that a range of head characters, mainly ridges, endoskeletal elements and joints, are indeed mechanically linked to each other. An analysis of character state correlation in a morphological data matrix focused on head characters shows highly significant correlation of these mechanically linked structures. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction under different data exclusion schemes based on the correlation analysis unambiguously supports a sistergroup relationship of dragonflies and mayflies. The combination of biomechanics and phylogenetics as it is proposed here could be a promising approach to assess functional dependencies in many organisms to increase our understanding of phenotypic evolution.

Phylogeny, Molecules Versus Morphology, and Rates of Character Evolution Among Fruitbats (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Springer ◽  
LJ Hollar ◽  
JAW Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dna Hybridisation ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Andersen's 1912 monograph on megachiropterans remains the definitive work on the systematics of this group. Andersen argued that the Macroglossinae, containing the eonycterine and notopterine sections, are a monophyletic sister-group to other fruitbats (i.e. Andersen's Rousettus, Cynopterus and Epomophorus sections). Two recent molecular studies (DNA hybridisation and restriction mapping of ribosomal cistrons), as well as an analysis of female reproductive characters, challenge the monophyly of the Macroglossinae and several of Andersen's other conclusions such as the phylogenetic position of Nyctimene. We performed a cladistic analysis on 36 morphological characters, including 33 that were gleaned from Andersen, to determine whether phylogenetic hypotheses based on modem phylogenetic methods are in agreement with Andersen's original conclusions and to compare morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. Minimum-length trees based on parsimony are largely consistent with Andersen and support (1) a monophyletic Macroglossinae, within which the eonycterine section is paraphyletic with respect to a monophyletic notopterine section, (2) a monophyletic Cynopterus section, excepting the exclusion of Myonycteris, (3) a monophyletic Epomophorus section, excepting the exclusion of Plerotes, and (4) a paraphyletic Rousettus section, with several of the Rousettus-like forms branching off near the base of the tree. Bootstrapping analyses on a reduced data-set that included taxa shared in common with the DNA hybridisation study did not provide strong support (greater than or equal to 95%) for any clades but did provide moderate support (greater than or equal to 70) for several clades, including a monophyletic Macroglossinae. These findings are in marked contrast to the DNA hybridisation phylogeny. A high index of between-data-set incongruence is further evidence for the clash between DNA hybridisation and morphology. A phylogenetic framework was constructed on the basis of morphological data and DNA hybridisation data using a criterion of moderate support and shows little resolution, whereas employing a criterion of strong support produced a framework resolving several additional nodes. One implication of this framework is that characteristic macroglossine features such as a long tongue with a thick carpet of filiform papillae have evolved independently on several occasions (or evolved once and were lost several times). Rates of character evolution for the morphological characters employed in our analysis were calculated using divergence times estimated from DNA hybridisation data. Rates have apparently been fastest in the interior branches, and slower along the external branches, which suggests an early adaptive radiation in the history of fruitbats.

The phylogeny of the Hydroporinae and classification of the genus Peschetius Guignot, 1942 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wolfe ◽  
Kelly Miller ◽  
Olof Biström
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe phylogeny of the Hydroporinae is investigated in a cladistic analysis emphasizing placement of the genus Peschetius Guignot, historically placed in the tribe Hydroporini. Sixty-nine adult and larval morphological characters were coded for 61 species of Hydroporinae representing eight of the nine tribes. Cladistic analysis of the data resulted in 396 most parsimonious cladograms (length = 176, CI = 46, RI = 80). The results indicate that the genus Peschetius is the sister group to the tribe Bidessini based mainly on an unambiguous character, the presence of a prominent internal spermathecal spine, and several other more ambiguous or homoplasious characters. The tribe Bidessini is expanded to include the genus Peschetius, and it is formally transferred from the tribe Hydroporini. Other results indicating interesting relationships of tribes and genera within Hydroporinae are also discussed. Results include; 1) a dramatically paraphyletic Hydroporini with Laccornellus Roughley and Wolfe, Canthyporus Zimmermann and Hydrocolus Roughley and Larson in basal positions within the phylogeny, 2) Hydrovatus Motschulsky and Queda Sharp resolved as sister groups and not closely related to Methlini van den Branden, 3) support for close relationship of Pachydrus Sharp (Pachydrini Biström, Nilsson and Wewalka) with Hyphydrini Sharp, 4) paraphyly of Hygrotus Stephens sensu lato with the relationship H. (Coelambus) Thomson + (Hygrotus sensus stricto + Hydrovatini)) suggesting recognition of Coelambus and Hygrotus as separate genera, 5) close relationship between the Australian genera of Hydroporini and Hyphydrini and 6) the nesting of Vatellini within a group of Hydroporini.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Signal and Bias in Paleontology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Asher ◽  
Martin R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Phylogeny Estimation ◽  
Better Than

Abstract An unprecedented amount of evidence now illuminates the phylogeny of living mammals and birds on the Tree of Life. We use this tree to measure phylogenetic value of data typically used in paleontology (bones and teeth) from six datasets derived from five published studies. We ask three interrelated questions: 1) Can these data adequately reconstruct known parts of the Tree of Life? 2) Is accuracy generally similar for studies using morphology, or do some morphological datasets perform better than others? 3) Does the loss of non-fossilizable data cause taxa to occur in misleadingly basal positions? Adding morphology to DNA datasets usually increases congruence of resulting topologies to the well corroborated tree, but this varies among morphological datasets. Extant taxa with a high proportion of missing morphological characters can greatly reduce phylogenetic resolution when analyzed together with fossils. Attempts to ameliorate this by deleting extant taxa missing morphology are prone to decreased accuracy due to long-branch artefacts. We find no evidence that fossilization causes extinct taxa to incorrectly appear at or near topologically basal branches. Morphology comprises the evidence held in common by living taxa and fossils, and phylogenetic analysis of fossils greatly benefits from inclusion of molecular and morphological data sampled for living taxa, whatever methods are used for phylogeny estimation.

scholarly journals The deep sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian North Coast

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Garcia Cavalleiro de Macedo Klautau ◽  
Israel Hidenburgo Aniceto Cintra ◽  
Matheus Marcos Rotundo ◽  
Alfredo Carvalho-Filho ◽  
Rodrigo Antunes Caires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Sea Fish ◽  
Photographic Records

Abstract Data on the deep sea fishes found off the northern Brazilian coast are restricted to the results of the surveys of the RV Oregon, a research vessel of the North American National Marine Fisheries Service, and the REVIZEE Program. The REVIZEE Score-Norte Program focused on commercial fish species and natural resources with potential for exploitation on the continental shelf and slope off the northern coast of Brazil. In this sense, the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program generated little information on species of no commercial value, did not catalog its inventory in zoological collections, and did not publish species lists. Given this considerable knowledge gap on the deep-sea fish found off the North coast of Brazil, we compiled all the available data on the deep-sea fish of this region and also retrieved photographic records from the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program, including the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA projects. Considering the published records, specimens deposited in zoological collections, and the interpretation of photographic records, we compiled a list of 63 species of deep-sea fish from the North coast of Brazil. An additional 30 species were found in the published records from the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA, but were considered to be doubtful or pending confirmation.

The genera Acaromantis and Simognathus (Simognathinae, Halacaridae) on the north coast of São Paulo State, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 615 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALMIR ROGÉRIO PEPATO ◽  
CLÁUDIO GONÇALVES TIAGO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
The North ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
São Paulo State

This is the first record of the subfamily Simognathinae for the Brazilian coast. Two new species are described, Acaromantis vespucioi sp. nov. and Simognathus euphractus sp. nov. The description of Simognathus fuscus Viets, 1936 is extended with the inclusion of juveniles description.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document