Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season barley and wheat grown under low heat unit climate conditions. Seventy-two barley samples and 83 wheat samples were submitted by producers and industry from May 2016 to May 2017. The concentrations of twelve common mycotoxins, including nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZAL), β-zearalenol (β-ZAL), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were determined using the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Mycotoxins were detected in 40 barley (56%) and 35 wheat (42%) samples submitted by producers and industry. DON showed the highest incidence in barley (44%) and wheat (33%). None of the barley samples contained detectable DAS and no wheat samples tested positive for α-ZAL, DAS, T-2, or AFB1. Co-occurrence of DON and other mycotoxins was frequently observed. Among the mycotoxin-positive samples, 70% of barley samples and 54% of wheat samples were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. Four barley (6%) and five wheat (6%) samples contained levels of DON above 1000 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for lactating dairy animals) and HT-2 content in five barley (7%) and four wheat (5%) samples exceeded 100 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for cattle and poultry). Overall, contamination of these mycotoxins was more frequent and more severe in barley in comparison with wheat that was submitted by producers and industry. Comprehensive strategies, including the prevention of Fusarium toxins contamination, the routine monitoring of their prevalence, the detoxification of them in feed and food, as well as the inhibition of their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, are highly required. A rapid detection method needs to be developed to screen mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season cereal grains.

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Fusarium Damage in Cereal Grains from Western Canada. 1. Phylogenetic Analysis of Moniliformin-ProducingFusariumSpecies and Their Natural Occurrence in Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat, Oats, and Rye

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf400651p ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (23) ◽

pp. 5425-5437 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Tom Gräfenhan ◽

Susan K. Patrick ◽

Mike Roscoe ◽

Robert Trelka ◽

Don Gaba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Western Canada ◽

Natural Occurrence

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Discrimination of eight chloramphenicol isomers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in order to investigate the natural occurrence of chloramphenicol

Analytica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 700 (1-2) ◽

pp. 78-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Bjorn J.A. Berendsen ◽

Tina Zuidema ◽

Jacob de Jong ◽

Linda (A)A.M. Stolker ◽

Michel W.F. Nielen

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

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Simultaneous Detection Method for Mycotoxins and their Metabolites in Animal Urine by Using Impurity Adsorption Purification followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Detection

Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques ◽

10.4172/2157-7064.1000308 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 06 (07) ◽

Author(s):

Wang Rui Guo ◽

Su Xiao Ou

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Detection Method ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Mass Detection ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Impurity Adsorption

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Cool-Season Precipitation Patterns Associated with Teleconnection Interactions in the United States

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-14-0040.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 494-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Erika K. Wise ◽

Melissa L. Wrzesien ◽

Matthew P. Dannenberg ◽

David L. McGinnis

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

The United States ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Cool Season ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Precipitation Patterns ◽

The North ◽

Climate Forecasts ◽

The North Atlantic Oscillation

AbstractSeasonal climate forecasts are regularly published to provide decision makers with insights on upcoming climate conditions. Precipitation forecasts, in particular, are useful for fields such as agriculture and water resources. Projections frequently cite a single climate oscillation such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) when suggesting whether a region will be wetter or drier than normal. The complex climate system is composed of a multitude of simultaneous oceanic and atmospheric oscillations, however. Through the study of five atmospheric-pressure-based oscillations, their interactions, and associated precipitation values, this research demonstrates the wide variety of precipitation patterns that can arise when different phases of prominent climate modes occur. Results show that incorporating other Northern Hemisphere teleconnections can dampen or shift expected ENSO and NAO impact patterns. These results indicate that seasonal precipitation projections may be improved by incorporating multiple, regionally important teleconnection indices into the forecast.

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Natural Occurrence of Beauvericin and Enniatins in Corn- and Wheat-Based Samples Harvested in 2017 Collected from Shandong Province, China

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11010009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xiaomin Han ◽

Wenjing Xu ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

Jin Xu ◽

Fengqin Li

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Shandong Province ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Corn Kernels ◽

Wheat Kernels

Totals of 158 corn and corn-based samples and 291 wheat and wheat-based samples from Shandong province, China in 2017 were analyzed for five mycotoxins including beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENA), enniatin A1 (ENA1), enniatin B (ENB), and enniatin B1 (ENB1) by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). BEA was the predominant toxin detected, followed by ENB, ENA1, ENA, and ENB1. Corn and corn-based samples were more easily contaminated by BEA with an average concentration of 65.26 µg/kg, compared with that in wheat and wheat-based samples (average = 0.41 µg/kg). Concentrations of BEA, ENA, and ENB1 in corn kernels, flours, and flakes were significantly different (Kruskal–Wallis Test, p < 0.05), as well as for BEA, ENA, ENB, and ENB1 in wheat kernels, flours, and noodles (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05). Furthermore, 59.5% (94/158) and 59.8% (174/291) corn- and wheat-based samples were co-contaminated by at least two mycotoxins, respectively. Positive correlations in concentrations were observed in corn between levels of ENA and ENB1, ENA and ENB, ENA1 and ENB1, as well as in wheat between BEA and ENA, BEA and ENA1, BEA and ENB, BEA and ENB1, ENA and ENA1, ENA and ENB, ENA and ENB1, ENA1 and ENB, ENA1 and ENB1, and ENB and ENB1. These results demonstrate that co-contamination of BEA and enniatins (ENNs) in corn- and wheat-based samples from Shandong, China is very common. More data on the contamination of five mycotoxins in cereal and cereal-based samples nationwide are needed.

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Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle Feeds from the Gauteng Province of South Africa: A Pilot Study Using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10070294 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 294 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Rumbidzai Changwa ◽

Wilfred Abia ◽

Titus Msagati ◽

Hlengilizwe Nyoni ◽

Khanyisa Ndleve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Fumonisin B1 ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Gauteng Province ◽

Toxigenic Fungi ◽

Livestock Sector ◽

Regulatory Limits ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Cattle Feeds

The indispensable nature of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural systems is of worldwide concern, hence the need for surveillance studies to preserve public health. Thirteen dairy farms were surveyed and 40 dairy feeds of varying nature collected and analyzed for mycotoxins. Estimated levels of aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT), zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (ADONs), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and beauvericin (BEA) were established using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Highest frequencies (40/40) were found for AFG2 (range: <LOQ—116.1 ppb), α-ZEL (range: 0.98–13.24 ppb), and β-ZEL (range: 0.73–4.71 ppb), followed by AFB2 at 37/40 (range: <LOQ—23.88 ppb), BEA at 36/40 (range: <LOQ—55.99 ppb), HT-2 at 35/40 (range: <LOQ—312.95 ppb), and FB1 at 34/40 (range: <LOQ—1389.62 ppb). Apart from samples exceeding regulatory limits for total AFs in dairy feeds due to the high amounts of AFG2 and AFB2, levels of other mycotoxins were regarded as safe for dairy production in South Africa. This is the first-time the natural occurrence of the cold climate HT-2 in South African feeds was documented. Persistent co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins across samples, however, may elicit synergistic and/or additive effects in hosts, hence raising concerns about their impacts and how such interactions may affect the dairy livestock sector.

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Development of a LC–MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEA) in Soil Matrix

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13070470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 470

Author(s):

Arne Kappenberg ◽

Lena Marie Juraschek

Keyword(s):

Extraction Method ◽

Detection Method ◽

Matrix Effects ◽

Soil Matrix ◽

Simultaneous Quantification ◽

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Reliable Detection ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Food And Feed

Mycotoxins, toxins of fungal origin, can directly or indirectly contaminate food and feed and are poisonous to livestock and humans. While a large amount is known about their occurrence in crops, food, and feeds, little is known about mycotoxin amounts in soil. However, soil is known as a major fungal habitat and a potential sink for mycotoxins in the environment. Furthermore, there is neither a reliable detection nor an extraction method for mycotoxins testing in different soil textures or for potential deficits due to aging processes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to present a reliable extraction and detection method for the simultaneous quantification of the most common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA), via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). This method was validated with six different samples with different textures and different soil organic matter (SOM). Deuterated standards were used to overcome possible matrix effects. This extraction method could eliminate potential aging processes. The recovery rate was always >80% for DON and >82% for ZEA. The quantification limits were 1 ng per g soil for DON and 0.5 ng per g soil for ZEA.

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