scholarly journals Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion—A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio molitor Larvae

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Marta Spochacz ◽  
Monika Szymczak ◽  
Szymon Chowański ◽  
Sabino Aurelio Bufo ◽  
Zbigniew Adamski
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Cellular Membranes ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Mealworm Beetle ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

Synthetic insecticides are widely used for crop protection both in the fields and in the food stored facilities. Due to their toxicity, and assumptions of Integrated Pest Management, we conducted two independent experiments, where we studied the influence of Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract on the toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. In the first variant of the experiment, Tenebrio molitor larvae were fed with blended fenitrothion (LC50) and the extract in four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) in ratio 1:1 for 3 days. In the second variant, a two-day application of fenitrothion (LC40) was preceded by a one-day extract treatment. The first variant did not show any increase in lethality compared to fenitrothion; however, ultrastructure observations exhibited swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in the midgut and nuclear and cellular membranes in the fat body, after application of blended fenitrothion and extract. An increased amount of heterochromatin in the fat body was observed, too. In the second variant, pre-treatment of the extract increased the lethality of larvae, decreased the level of glycogen and lipids in the fat body and disrupted integrity of midgut cellular membranes. S. nigrum extract, applied prior to fenitrothion treatment can be a factor increasing fenitrothion toxicity in T. molitor larvae. Thus, this strategy may lead to decreased emission of synthetic insecticides to the environment.

scholarly journals Sublethal Effects of Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract and Its Pure Glycoalkaloids on the Physiology of Tenebrio molitor (Mealworm)

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Spochacz ◽  
Szymon Chowański ◽  
Monika Szymczak ◽  
Filomena Lelario ◽  
Sabino Bufo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
Contractility Of The Heart

Background: Solanaceae plants produce glycoalkaloids (GAs) that affect various physiological processes of herbivorous insects and they are being tested as potential alternatives for synthetic pesticides. They cause lethal and sublethal effects. Nevertheless, their mode of action remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the effects of Solanum nigrum fruit extracts and pure glycoalkaloids on a model beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Methods: Plant extracts or pure alkaloids were added to the food of the larvae for three days. The lipid, glycogen, and protein content in the fat body and the midgut were determined, and the contractility of the heart, hindgut, and oviduct muscles was tested using the video-microscopy technique. Finally, the ultrastructure of the fat body and the midgut was observed using electron microscopy. Results: No lethal effects were noted. Sublethal changes were observed in the content of biomolecules, malformations of organelles, chromatin condensation, and heart and oviduct contractility. The observed effects differed between the tested glycoalkaloids and the extract. Conclusions: Both the extract and pure GAs have a wide range of effects that may result in impaired development, food intake, and reproduction. Some early effects may be used as bioindicators of stress. The effects of the extract and pure alkaloids suggest that the substances produced by the plant may act additively or synergistically.

scholarly journals Vitellogenesis in virgin and mated females of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor.

1996 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Michalik ◽  
B Chojnicka ◽  
B Cymborowski
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Yolk Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Mealworm Beetle ◽  
Vitellogenic Stage ◽  
Length Width

A comparison between vitellogenesis in virgin and mated females of Tenebrio molitor showed significant differences at each investigated developmental stage. Yolk protein deposition in oocytes, measured as an increase in their size parameters (length, width, and volume), proceeded much faster and was more efficient in mated females as compared to virgins. In fertilized females the gonadotropic cycle showed a cyclicity with an eight-day period while virgin females finish their vitellogenic stage after the first cycle. These differences were reflected in changes in the rate of protein synthesis in the fat body of females completing vitellogenesis or entering the next oogenetic cycle. In the haemolymph, in addition to a large (158 kDa) and two small (56 kDa and 45 kDa) subunits of vitellogenin, there was an abundance of proteins of 80 kDa and 60 kDa.

Molluscicidal and antiparasitic activity of Solanum nigrumvillosum against Galba truncatula infected or uninfected with Fasciola hepatica

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hammami ◽  
A. Ayadi
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Antiparasitic Activity ◽  
Galba Truncatula ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Larval Stages

AbstractThe present study was based on assessments of the molluscicidal and antiparasitic activities of Solanum nigrum villosum. This plant has been collected in Tozeur's traditional oases (south-western Tunisia). Molluscicidal activities of leaves, ripe fruit and unripe fruit extracts of S. n. villosum have been assessed in experimental and semi-field conditions on uninfected Galba truncatula. Antiparasitic activities have also been assessed on larval stages (rediae, intraredial germinal masses and cercariae) of the parasite Fasciola hepatica infecting G. truncatula naturally. The unripe fruit extract (LC50 = 41.2 mg l− 1) was more toxic than the leaf (LC50 = 132.5 mg l− 1) and the ripe fruit (LC50 = 172.8 mg l− 1) extracts on the snail after 48 h of treatment. One mg l− 1 of cupric chloride produced the death of 97% of G. truncatula after 25 days of treatment. Solanum n. villosum extracts used at the lethal laboratory concentration in semi-field conditions were also toxic to G. truncatula. The unripe fruit extract was more toxic than the leaf and the ripe fruit extracts on larval stages of F. hepatica. Maximum deterioration rates were obtained with the unripe fruit extract: 65.6% for rediae, 77.8% for cercariae and 27.6% for intraredial germinal masses after 48 h of treating the snails. The possibility of the unripe fruit extract application for the control of G. truncatula and F. hepatica larval stages should be considered.

Two potential uses for silver nanoparticles coated with Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract: Biofilm inhibition and photodegradation of dye effluent

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balasubramanian Malaikozhundan ◽  
Sekar Vijayakumar ◽  
Baskaralingam Vaseeharan ◽  
Anthonisamy Anthoni Jenifer ◽  
Ponnaiah Chitra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition

Stereoselectivity in bioaccumulation and excretion of epoxiconazole by mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) larvae

2014 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotian Lv ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Yaobin Li ◽  
Yongxin Gao ◽  
Huili Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Mealworm Beetle ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

Sulfakinin Signalling Influences Fatty Acid Levels and Composition in Tenebrio Molitor Beetle

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 949-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Slocinska ◽  
Mariola Kuczer ◽  
Marek Gołębiowski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Activity Inhibition ◽  
Myotropic Activity ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

Background: Sulfakinins are arthropod neuropeptides that are structurally and functionally similar to vertebrate gastrin-cholecystokinin. Sulfakinins with sulfated tyrosine (sSK) or nonsulfated tyrosine (nSK) in the C-terminated heptapeptide XY(SO3H)GHMRFamide display different biological functions, including myotropic activity, inhibition of food intake, stimulation of digestive enzymes and regulation of carbohydrate and lipid content. Objective: To reveal the mechanisms by which sulfakinin signalling modulates lipid homeostasis, we analysed the changes in the level and composition of fatty acids and organic compounds in the fat body and haemolymph of Tenebrio molitor larvae after nSK and sSK treatment. Methods: Fatty acids in fat body and haemolymph of insects were analysed using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: The direction of the changes observed for major fatty acids, 18:1 and 18:2, and the less abundant fatty acids, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1 and 14:0, was the same for unsaturated (UFAs) and saturated (SFAs) fatty acids, and elevated after nSK application in both analysed tissues. However, the action of sSK in fat body tissue evoked distinct effects and induced either significant decreases in individual fatty acids or UFAs and SFAs. Administration of nSK and sSK significantly increased the level of total organic compounds in the haemolymph, contrary to the effect of sSK in fat body, where the level of total organic compounds decreased, although changes differ between individual chemicals. Conclusion: Sulfakinins are engaged in the precise modulation of fatty acid levels and composition, but their action depends on the presence of sulfate group on the tyrosyl residue of the peptide what determines the different roles of these peptides in insect physiology.

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