scholarly journals Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Aicha El Jai ◽  
Abdellah Zinedine ◽  
Ana Juan-García ◽  
Jordi Mañes ◽  
Samira Etahiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aromatic And Medicinal Plants ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Conjugated Mycotoxins

Aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs), as herbal material, are subjected to contamination by various mycotoxin-producing fungi, either free and conjugated. Such a problem is associated with poor storage practices, and lack of adopting good agricultural practices and good harvesting practices. Nevertheless, AMPs are poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2, and HT-2 toxins) in 40 samples of AMPs frequently consumed in Morocco by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of conjugated mycotoxins and their identification using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with ion mass exact was also carried out. Results showed that 90% of the analyzed samples presented at least one mycotoxin, and 52% presented co-occurrence of them. Mycotoxins detected were: AOH (85%), ZEN (27.5%), β-ZEL (22%), AFG1 (17.5%), TENT (17.5%), ENB (10%), AFG2 (7.5%), α-ZEL (5%), ENA1 (2.5%), and HT-2 (2.5%), while the conjugated mycotoxins were ZEN-14-Glc (11%) and ZEN-14-Sulf (9%). The highest observed level was for AOH, with 309 ng/g. Ten samples exceeded the recommended levels set by the European Pharmacopoeia for AF mycotoxins in plant material (4 ng/g), and three samples exceeded the maximum limits for AFs (10 ng/g) in species established by the European Commission. Although the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in AMP samples was observed, the dietary exposure assessment showed that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of AMP beverages does not represent a risk for the population.

scholarly journals Qualitative analysis of 7- and 8-hydroxyzolpidem and discovery of novel zolpidem metabolites in postmortem urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Yamaguchi ◽  
Hajime Miyaguchi ◽  
Youkichi Ohno ◽  
Yoshimasa Kanawaku
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Pyridine Ring ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Fragmentation Pattern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Urine Extract ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Characteristic Fragmentation

Abstract Purpose Zolpidem (ZOL) is a hypnotic sometimes used in drug-facilitated crimes. Understanding ZOL metabolism is important for proving ZOL intake. In this study, we synthesized standards of hydroxyzolpidems with a hydroxy group attached to the pyridine ring and analyzed them to prove their presence in postmortem urine. We also searched for novel ZOL metabolites in the urine sample using liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QqQMS) and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QqTOFMS). Methods 7- and 8-Hydroxyzolpidem (7OHZ and 8OHZ, respectively) were synthesized and analyzed using LC-QqQMS. Retention times were compared between the synthetic standards and extracts of postmortem urine. To search for novel ZOL metabolites, first, the urine extract was analyzed with data-dependent acquisition, and the peaks showing the characteristic fragmentation pattern of ZOL were selected. Second, product ion spectra of these peaks at various collision energies were acquired and fragments that could be used for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were chosen. Finally, MRM parameters were optimized using the urine extract. These peaks were also analyzed using LC-QqTOFMS. Results The presence of 7OHZ and 8OHZ in urine was confirmed. The highest peak among hydroxyzolpidems was assigned to 7OHZ. The novel metabolites found were zolpidem dihydrodiol and its glucuronides, cysteine adducts of ZOL and dihydro(hydroxy)zolpidem, and glucuronides of hydroxyzolpidems. Conclusions The presence of novel metabolites revealed new metabolic pathways, which involve formation of an epoxide on the pyridine ring as an intermediate.

scholarly journals Case Series of Novel Illicit Opioid-Related Deaths

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Papsun ◽  
Amy Hawes ◽  
Amanda L.A. Mohr ◽  
Melissa Friscia ◽  
Barry K. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Novel illicit opioids, such as furanyl fentanyl and U-47700, are being encountered with increasing frequency in street heroin samples and have been confirmed in a series of overdose deaths in Tennessee. In this paper, we report the pathology and toxicology from 11 deaths involving furanyl fentanyl and U-47700. Routine toxicology was performed on postmortem femoral or antemortem hospital blood samples with targeted broad spectrum drug screening using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). Confirmation and quantitation of the opioid agonists U-47700 and furanyl fentanyl was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) using a novel method. Two cases were identified as containing U-47700 in whole blood (189 and 547 ng/mL), and nine cases contained furanyl fentanyl in whole blood, with concentrations ranging from 2.0 – 42.9 ng/mL. In all 11 cases, the manner of death was deemed accident, with drug intoxication being the primary cause of death; one case was complicated by smoke inhalation. All of the decedents were males ranging from 18-62 years, with the median age being 36 years old. The successful identification and confirmation of these novel illicit opioids in this case series relied on the comprehensive investigation and collaboration of scene investigation, forensic pathology, and forensic toxicology.

scholarly journals Novel method of detection of phenylpropanoids of Rhodiola roots species

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gryszczyńska ◽  
Bogna Opala ◽  
Anna Krajewska-Patan ◽  
Zdzisław Łowicki ◽  
Waldemar Buchwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Novel Method

Summary The aim of the study was the identification and quantitative analysis of phenylpropanoid compounds in the roots of Rhodiola species. Rosavin, rosarin and rosin were determined in the roots of R. kirilowii and R. rosea from the field cultivation, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants. For the quantitative analysis, the ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI MS/MS, Waters) was used. The results showed differences in the quantitative and qualitative assessments of these two species. In the root of R. kirilowii the presence of phenylpropanoids was not confirmed. In R. rosea the most common phenylpropanoid was rosavin (0.022%). The UPLC-MS/MS studies allowed to use this analytical method for determination of phenylpropanoids in the accordance with the requirements of ICH.

Concentrations of para-Fluorofuranylfentanyl (FFF) in Paired Central and Peripheral Blood Collected During Postmortem Death Investigations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Rodriguez Salas ◽  
Alex J Krotulski ◽  
Reta Newman ◽  
Jon R Thogmartin ◽  
Amanda L A Mohr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Pinellas County ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Death Investigation ◽  
Medicolegal Death Investigation

Abstract The opioid epidemic in the United States (U.S.) has been associated with an increasing mortality rate in large part due to the emergence and proliferation of synthetic opioids over the last fifteen years. Fentanyl and its analogues have played a large part in these statistics due to their potency and toxicity. Fluorofuranylfentanyl (FFF) is a fentanyl analogue that emerged in the U.S. in 2018 and was associated with numerous adverse events and deaths. During this study, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) workflow was developed to accurately identify the isomer of FFF present (ortho- vs. meta- vs. para-) in medicolegal death investigation cases from Pinellas County, Florida. FFF was quantified in central and peripheral blood samples collected at autopsy. In addition, the metabolism of FFF was studied using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). para-FFF was quantitatively confirmed in 29 postmortem cases; no other isomer of FFF was detected. Central blood concentrations ranged between 0.66 and 73 ng/mL (mean = 11±14 ng/mL, median = 10 ng/mL) and peripheral blood concentrations ranged between 0.53 and 23 ng/mL (mean = 5.7±6.4 ng/mL, median = 2.7 ng/mL). Comparison of central to peripheral blood concentrations were evaluated to determine the possibility of postmortem redistribution (PMR). The metabolism of ortho-FFF was studied and found to undergo metabolic processes similar to fentanyl, producing ortho-fluorofuranyl-norfentanyl, fluoro-4-ANPP, and hydroxylated species. The results of this study demonstrate the toxicity of FFF and its implication in medicolegal death investigations. Laboratories must remain aware of new or re-emerging fentanyl analogues, as they pose significant risks to public health and public safety.

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxins in Medicinal Plants by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Ahmad Siddique ◽  
Mohd Mujeeb ◽  
Sayeed Ahmad ◽  
Bibhu P. Panda ◽  
Mohd Makhmoor
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Quality Of Products

Purpose. The intention of the proposed work is to study the presence of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in medicinal plants, namely Mucuna pruriens, Delphinium denudatum and Portulaca oleraceae. Methodology. The aflatoxins were extracted, purified by immunoaffinity column chromatography and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (HPLC–MS/MS). Fungal count was carried out in PDA media. Results. A good linear relationship was found for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 at 1–10 ppb (r>0.9995). The analyte accuracy under three different spiking levels was 86.7–108.1 %, with low per cent relative standard deviations in each case. The aflatoxins can be separated within 5 to7 min using an Agilent XDB C18-column. We found that AFB1 and AFB2 were in trace amounts below the detection limit in M. pruriens whilst they were not detected in D. denudatum. P. oleraceae was found to be contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2. AFG1 and AFG2 were not detected in M. pruriens, P. oleraceae and were below the detection limit in D. denudatum. This was consistent with very low numbers of fungal colonies observed after 6 hr of incubation. Conclusion. The analytical method developed is simple, precise, accurate, economical and can be effectively used to determine the aflatoxins in medicinal plants and therefore to control the quality of products. The aflatoxin levels in the plant extracts examined were related to the minimal fungal load in the medicinal plants examined. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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