scholarly journals Improved Sample Selection and Preparation Methods for Sampling Plans Used to Facilitate Rapid and Reliable Estimation of Aflatoxin in Chicken Feed

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
James Kibugu ◽  
Raymond Mdachi ◽  
Leonard Munga ◽  
David Mburu ◽  
Thomas Whitaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a toxic fungal metabolite associated with human and animal diseases, is a natural contaminant encountered in agricultural commodities, food and feed. Heterogeneity of AFB1 makes risk estimation a challenge. To overcome this, novel sample selection, preparation and extraction steps were designed for representative sampling of chicken feed. Accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification, linearity, robustness and ruggedness were used as performance criteria to validate this modification and Horwitz function for evaluating precision. A modified sampling protocol that ensured representativeness is documented, including sample selection, sampling tools, random procedures, minimum size of field-collected aggregate samples (primary sampling), procedures for mass reduction to 2 kg laboratory (secondary sampling), 25 g test portion (tertiary sampling) and 1.3 g analytical samples (quaternary sampling). The improved coning and quartering procedure described herein (for secondary and tertiary sampling) has acceptable precision, with a Horwitz ratio (HorRat = 0.3) suitable for splitting of 25 g feed aliquots from laboratory samples (tertiary sampling). The water slurring innovation (quaternary sampling) increased aflatoxin extraction efficiency to 95.1% through reduction of both bias (−4.95) and variability of recovery (1.2–1.4) and improved both intra-laboratory precision (HorRat = 1.2–1.5) and within-laboratory reproducibility (HorRat = 0.9–1.3). Optimal extraction conditions are documented. The improved procedure showed satisfactory performance, good field applicability and reduced sample analysis turnaround time.

scholarly journals Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5185
Author(s):  
Fabio Di Nardo ◽  
Matteo Chiarello ◽  
Simone Cavalera ◽  
Claudio Baggiani ◽  
Laura Anfossi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Immunoassay Technique ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Feed Safety

The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.

scholarly journals Processos de amostragem e cálculo para determinação do tamanho da amostra: critérios e métodos adotados em teses e dissertações em Ciências do Movimento Humano - um estudo descritivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-490
Author(s):  
Rochelle Rocha Costa ◽  
Othavio Porto Backes ◽  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
Flávio Antônio De Souza Castro
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Digital Repository ◽  
Estimate Sample Size ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Theses And Dissertations

Quantitative monographic studies systematically use inferential statistical procedures to test hypotheses. For this purpose, sampling procedures and sample sizes need to be adequate for the proposed procedures. The aim of this study was to identify the sample selection methods, as well as the performance and types of calculation to determine the sample size adopted in theses and dissertations developed in a graduate program in the field of Physical Education. Theses and dissertations defended between 2003 and 2013 were obtained through digital repository. Only quantitative studies were included, in which the following issues were analyzed: (1) sample selection criteria; (2) presence of sample calculation; (3) calculation type to estimate sample size. A total of 199 studies were included. Of these, 6% (n=11) used probabilistic methods for sample selection and 3% (n=6) used animal models. As for the accomplishment of sample calculations, 36% (n=72) studies reported having adopted this procedure. Of studies that performed sample calculations, 25% (n=18) used predictive equations, 67% (n=48) considered methods with statistical power as their base, 3% (n=2) used confidence interval, 4% (n=3) did not mention the method and 1% (n=1) was based on the type of statistical test to be used later. Nonprobabilistic sampling methods predominate for the selection of subjects; most studies do not report adopting calculations to estimate sample size and, among those that reported the use, the models that consider statistical power as the main criterion are predominant. 

Assessment of mycotoxin contamination in maize and wheat stored in silos using two sampling processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Mallmann ◽  
M.S. Oliveira ◽  
P. Dilkin ◽  
J.K. Vidal ◽  
G.R. Meinerz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Sampling Process ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mycotoxin Analysis ◽  
Lower Variability ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Mean Concentration

Mycotoxin contamination of stored cereals often occurs in a highly heterogeneous manner, necessitating the use of representative sampling to minimise analytical errors. The objective of this study was to compare mycotoxin analysis in stored maize and wheat using two sampling processes. Samples were obtained from four maize silos and two wheat silos. A pneumatic probe was introduced in the centre and at the four central points of each quadrant, from the top to the bottom of the silo (12 m). For sampling process A, this was divided into three samples (upper third, middle third and lower third of the silo height). No sample subdivision took place for sampling process B. LC-MS/MS was used for analysis of aflatoxins (AF), fumonisins (FB), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize and DON and ZEA in wheat. Sampling procedures were compared with respect to the variability of the collected data. AF, FB, ZEA and DON were detected in 77.5, 100.0, 56.7 and 0.0% of the maize samples, respectively, and the mean concentration differed significantly between silos. In wheat, 100.0 and 97.5% of the samples were contaminated with DON and ZEA, respectively, and there was no significantly difference in mean concentration between silos. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the coefficients of variation (CVs) of AF (54.9 and 58.6%), FB (19.4 and 27.3%) and ZEA (68.9 and 85.5%) between sampling processes A and B in maize silos. The DON CV in sampling process A (10.1%) was lower (P<0.05) than the CV in sampling process B (22.2%) in wheat silos. Overall, the two sampling processes provided analytical results with the same variability in maize and different variability for DON in wheat, where process A yielded results with lower variability.

Meeting the European Commission performance criteria for the use of triple quadrupole GC-MS/MS as a confirmatory method for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in food and feed samples

2016 ◽  
Vol 408 (13) ◽  
pp. 3511-3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Ábalos ◽  
Cristian I. Cojocariu ◽  
Paul Silcock ◽  
Dominic Roberts ◽  
Diana M. Pemberthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Triple Quadrupole ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Samples

Sampling and Sample Preparation for Detection and Quantitation of Natural Toxicants in Food and Feed

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L Park ◽  
Albert E Pohland
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Sampling Plan ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Natural Toxins ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Representative Samples

Abstract The primary goal of a sampling plan for natural toxins, i.e., mycotoxins and seafood toxins, is to obtain a sample that accurately represents the concentrations of individual components of a given lot. Factors affecting the ability of the sampling plan to accomplish this goal include: (1) nature of the analyte of interest; (2) distribution of the analyte throughout the lot, (3) physical characteristics of the product, (4) accessibility of the product to random representative sampling, (5) sampling procedure, and (6) size of sample. Sampling plans are composed of 3 distinct components: (a) sampling, (b) sample preparation, and (c) analysis. Normally, sampling contributes the largest relative error while analysis comprises the least. Automatic, continuous stream samplers provide the most representative samples for commodities such as nuts, cottonseed, and cereal grains. Good sample preparation equipment is currently available for these commodities; the use of this equipment to obtain a representative test sample is discussed.

scholarly journals Xylo-Oligosaccharides, Preparation and Application to Human and Animal Health: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxia Chen ◽  
Yining Xie ◽  
Kolapo M. Ajuwon ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are considered as functional oligosaccharides and have great prebiotic potential. XOS are the degraded products of xylan prepared via chemical, physical or enzymatic degradation. They are mainly composed of xylose units linked by β-1, 4 bonds. XOS not only exhibit some specific physicochemical properties such as excellent water solubility and high temperature resistance, but also have a variety of functional biological activities including anti-inflammation, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial properties and so on. Numerous studies have revealed in the recent decades that XOS can be applied to many food and feed products and exert their nutritional benefits. XOS have also been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence of human health-related diseases, improve the growth and resistance to diseases of animals. These effects open a new perspective on XOS potential applications for human consumption and animal production. Herein, this review aims to provide a general overview of preparation methods for XOS, and will also discuss the current application of XOS to human and animal health field.

Geological Model for Naturally Occurring Asbestos Content Prediction in the Rock Excavation of a Long Tunnel (Gronda di Genova Project, NW Italy)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Luca Barale ◽  
Fabrizio Piana ◽  
Sergio Tallone ◽  
Roberto Compagnoni ◽  
Chiara Avataneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Rock Excavation ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Highway Tunnel ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Asbestos ◽  
Nw Italy ◽  
Sampling Procedures

ABSTRACT For a reliable evaluation of the geo-environmental risk due to naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) during rock excavation of large infrastructure projects, a proper procedure is needed. First, it is necessary to provide a detailed geological model tailored to the NOA-related issues that should drive the rock sampling procedures in order to obtain a representative sampling. The sampling procedures should take into account lithological variability and relative spatial distributions of the rock units. The geological model for NOA should be thus constrained by the main NOA petrofacies occurring in a given geotectonic context, which take into consideration both the mineralogical and structural features, and the identification of NOA homogeneous zones in which the NOA petrofacies are distributed. In this paper, some geo-environmental problems faced during the excavation, in meta-ophiolites, of a long highway tunnel are described. The geological model of the complex setting of the tunnel area (northern Italy, Alps-Apennines junction) is described, focusing on how the NOA-related problems were addressed to allow reliable and detailed estimations of NOA contents for each NOA homogeneous zone and the relevant tunnel layout segment.

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