scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of a Novel Avian Influenza A (H2N9) Strain Isolated from Wild Duck in Korea in 2018

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seon-Ju Yeo ◽  
Duc-Duong Than ◽  
Hong-Seog Park ◽  
Haan Woo Sung ◽  
Hyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Wild Duck

A novel avian influenza virus (A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018) (H2N9) was isolated from wild birds in South Korea in 2018, and phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted on complete gene sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018 (H2N9) virus belonged to the Eurasian countries, whereas other internal genes (polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), PB2, nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase acidic protein (PA), matrix protein (M), and non-structural protein (NS)) belonged to the East Asian countries. A monobasic amino acid (PQIEPR/GLF) at the HA cleavage site, E627 in the PB2 gene, and no deletion of the stalk region in the NA gene indicated that the A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018 (H2N9) isolate was a typical low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI). Nucleotide sequence similarity analysis of HA revealed that the highest homology (98.34%) is to that of A/duck/Mongolia/482/2015 (H2N3), and amino acid sequence of NA was closely related to that of A/duck/Bangladesh/8987/2010 (H10N9) (96.45%). In contrast, internal genes showed homology higher than 98% compared to those of other isolates derived from duck and wild birds of China or Japan in 2016–2018. The newly isolated A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018 (H2N9) strain is the first reported avian influenza virus in Korea, and may have evolved from multiple genotypes in wild birds and ducks in Mongolia, China, and Japan.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza A (H11N9) Virus Isolated from Mandarin Ducks in South Korea in 2018

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Hien Thi Tuong ◽  
Ngoc Minh Nguyen ◽  
Haan Woo Sung ◽  
Hyun Park ◽  
Seon-Ju Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Basic Amino Acid ◽  
Wild Birds

In July 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9)) was isolated from Mandarin ducks in South Korea. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the H11N9 strain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain H11N9 belonged to the Eurasian lineages. Analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes revealed the highest homology with A/duck/Kagoshima/KU57/2014 (H11N9), showing 97.70% and 98.00% nucleotide identities, respectively. Additionally, internal genes showed homology higher than 98% compared to those of other isolates derived from duck and wild birds. Both the polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1) genes were close to the H5N3 strain isolated in China; whereas, other internal genes were closely related to that of avian influenza virus in Japan. A single basic amino acid at the HA cleavage site (PAIASR↓GLF), the lack of a five-amino acid deletion (residue 69–73) in the stalk region of the NA gene, and E627 in the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) gene indicated that the A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) isolate was a typical low-pathogenicity avian influenza. In vitro viral replication of H11N9 showed a lower titer than H1N1 and higher than H9N2. In mice, H11N9 showed lower adaptation than H1N1. The novel A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) isolate may have resulted from an unknown reassortment through the import of multiple wild birds in Japan and Korea in approximately 2016–2017, evolving to produce a different H11N9 compared to the previous H11N9 in Korea (2016). Further reassortment events of this virus occurred in PB1 and PA in China-derived strains. These results indicate that Japanese- and Chinese-derived avian influenza contributes to the genetic diversity of A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) in Korea.

scholarly journals Characterization of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported into Japan from China

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MASE ◽  
M. ETO ◽  
K. IMAI ◽  
K. TSUKAMOTO ◽  
S. YAMAGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Potential Sources

We characterized eleven H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported from China. Genetically they were classified into six distinct genotypes, including five already known genotypes and one novel genotype. This suggested that such multiple genotypes of the H9N2 virus have possibly already become widespread and endemic in China. Two isolates have amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to amantadine in the M2 region, and this supported the evidence that this mutation might be a result of the wide application of amantadine for avian influenza treatment in China. These findings emphasize the importance of surveillance for avian influenza virus in this region, and of quarantining imported chicken products as potential sources for the introduction of influenza virus.

scholarly journals The Effects of Genetic Variation on H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Pathogenicity

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Szu-Wei Huang ◽  
Sheng-Fan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Amino Acid Insertion ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Human Infections

Since the H7N9 avian influenza virus emerged in China in 2013, there have been five seasonal waves which have shown human infections and caused high fatality rates in infected patients. A multibasic amino acid insertion seen in the HA of current H7N9 viruses occurred through natural evolution and reassortment, and created a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus from the low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) in 2017, and significantly increased pathogenicity in poultry, resulting in widespread HPAI H7N9 in poultry, which along with LPAI H7N9, contributed to the severe fifth seasonal wave in China. H7N9 is a novel reassorted virus from three different subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAVs) which displays a great potential threat to public health and the poultry industry. To date, no sustained human-to-human transmission has been recorded by the WHO. However, the high ability of evolutionary adaptation of H7N9 and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans heightens the pandemic potential. Changes in IAVs proteins can affect the viral transmissibility, receptor binding specificity, pathogenicity, and virulence. The multibasic amino acid insertion, mutations in hemagglutinin, deletion and mutations in neuraminidase, and mutations in PB2 contribute to different virological characteristics. This review summarized the latest research evidence to describe the impacts of viral protein changes in viral adaptation and pathogenicity of H7N9, aiming to provide better insights for developing and enhancing early warning or intervention strategies with the goal of preventing highly pathogenic IAVs circulation in live poultry, and transmission to humans.

scholarly journals Overview of the Epidemiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Marchenko ◽  
N. I. Goncharova ◽  
V. A. Evseenko ◽  
I. M. Susloparov ◽  
E. V. Gavrilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
H9n2 Influenza Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Analyzed was modern epidemiological situation on highly pathogenic avian flu in 2018. Prognosis for possible further distribution of viruses in the territory of Russia was made. In 2018, the situation on highly pathogenic avian flu in Russia was challenging. This was due to the spread of the viruses clade 2.3.4.4, which caused multiple outbreaks among wild birds and poultry in European part of Russia. In addition, A/H5N6 avian influenza virus circulation was for the first time detected in the Saratov Region during routine avian influenza virus surveillance. In May, 2018 two different lineages of avian influenza A/H9N2 were isolated during the outbreaks that occurred at several poultry plants in Primorsk Territory and Amur Region of Russia. Subsequently, that virus subtype continued spreading in Russia, which was recorded by detection of the A/H9N2 influenza virus in wild birds in the Khabarovsk and Tomsk Regions of Russia. Thus, it is shown yet again that the territory of Russia plays an  important geographical role in the spread of avian influenza viruses.

Avian influenza viruses in wild birds at the Jeziorsko reservoir in Poland in 2008-2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Śmietanka ◽  
Z. Minta ◽  
R. Włodarczyk ◽  
K. Wyrostek ◽  
M. Jóźwiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Cleavage Site ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Amino Acid Motif

Avian influenza viruses in wild birds at the Jeziorsko reservoir in Poland in 2008-2010 During a 3-year surveillance study for avian influenza virus (AIV) infections at the Jeziorsko reservoir in central Poland, 549 oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs from 366 birds of 14 species belonging to 3 orders (Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and Gruiformes) were tested. AIV was detected in 14 birds (3.8%): Common Teals (12x), Mallard (1x) and Garganey (1x). Three potentially dangerous H5 AIV were detected in Common Teals (2x) and Garganey (1x) but all of them revealed a low pathogenic pathotype. A unique cleavage site amino acid motif PQREIR*GLF was found in one H5 isolate from a Garganey.

Investigation of avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds due to novel avian-origin influenza A(H10N8) in Nanchang City, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiansheng Ni ◽  
Fenglan He ◽  
Maohong Hu ◽  
Xianfeng Zhou ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Avian Origin

scholarly journals Evaluating the role of wild songbirds or rodents in spreading avian influenza virus across an agricultural landscape

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek D. Houston ◽  
Shahan Azeem ◽  
Coady W. Lundy ◽  
Yuko Sato ◽  
Baoqing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

Background Avian influenza virus (AIV) infections occur naturally in wild bird populations and can cross the wildlife-domestic animal interface, often with devastating impacts on commercial poultry. Migratory waterfowl and shorebirds are natural AIV reservoirs and can carry the virus along migratory pathways, often without exhibiting clinical signs. However, these species rarely inhabit poultry farms, so transmission into domestic birds likely occurs through other means. In many cases, human activities are thought to spread the virus into domestic populations. Consequently, biosecurity measures have been implemented to limit human-facilitated outbreaks. The 2015 avian influenza outbreak in the United States, which occurred among poultry operations with strict biosecurity controls, suggests that alternative routes of virus infiltration may exist, including bridge hosts: wild animals that transfer virus from areas of high waterfowl and shorebird densities. Methods Here, we examined small, wild birds (songbirds, woodpeckers, etc.) and mammals in Iowa, one of the regions hit hardest by the 2015 avian influenza epizootic, to determine whether these animals carry AIV. To assess whether influenza A virus was present in other species in Iowa during our sampling period, we also present results from surveillance of waterfowl by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and Unites Stated Department of Agriculture. Results Capturing animals at wetlands and near poultry facilities, we swabbed 449 individuals, internally and externally, for the presence of influenza A virus and no samples tested positive by qPCR. Similarly, serology from 402 animals showed no antibodies against influenza A. Although several species were captured at both wetland and poultry sites, the overall community structure of wild species differed significantly between these types of sites. In contrast, 83 out of 527 sampled waterfowl tested positive for influenza A via qPCR. Discussion These results suggest that even though influenza A viruses were present on the Iowa landscape at the time of our sampling, small, wild birds and rodents were unlikely to be frequent bridge hosts.

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