scholarly journals Viral Enteritis in Solid-Organ Transplantation

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2019
Author(s):  
Anum Abbas ◽  
Andrea J. Zimmer ◽  
Diana Florescu
Keyword(s):  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Viral Enteritis ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk for infections due to chronic immunosuppression. Diarrhea is a commonly encountered problem post transplantation, with infectious causes of diarrhea being a frequent complication. Viral infections/enteritides in solid organ transplant recipients often result from frequently encountered pathogens in this population such as cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus. However, several emerging viral pathogens are increasingly being recognized as more sensitive diagnostic techniques become available. Treatment is often limited to supportive care and reduction in immunosuppression, though antiviral therapies mayplay a role in the treatment in certain diseases. Viral enteritis is an important entity that contributes to morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients.

scholarly journals Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Bacterial Lung Infections in Solid Organ Recipients: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Carugati ◽  
Letizia Morlacchi ◽  
Anna Peri ◽  
Laura Alagna ◽  
Valeria Rossetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Respiratory infections pose a significant threat to the success of solid organ transplantation, and the diagnosis and management of these infections are challenging. The current narrative review addressed some of these challenges, based on evidence from the literature published in the last 20 years. Specifically, we focused our attention on (i) the obstacles to an etiologic diagnosis of respiratory infections among solid organ transplant recipients, (ii) the management of bacterial respiratory infections in an era characterized by increased antimicrobial resistance, and (iii) the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs dedicated to solid organ transplant recipients.

scholarly journals The Role of Systems Vaccinology in Understanding the Immune Defects to Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Scanlon ◽  
Youssef Saklawi ◽  
Nadine Rouphael
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Rejection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Immune Defects

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at increased risk for many infections, whether viral, bacterial, or fungal, due to immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection. The same immune defects that render transplanted patients susceptible to infection dampen their immune response to vaccination. Therefore, it is vital to identify immune defects to vaccination in transplant recipients and methods to obviate them. These methods can include alternative vaccine composition, dosage, adjuvants, route of administration, timing, and re-vaccination strategies. Systems biology is a relatively new field of study, which utilizes high throughput means to better understand biological systems and predict outcomes. Systems biology approaches have been used to help obtain a global picture of immune responses to infections and vaccination (i.e. systems vaccinology), but little work has been done to use systems biology to improve vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised patients, particularly SOTRs, thus far. Systems vaccinology approaches may hold key insights to vaccination in this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Increased Risk for Lymphoid and Myeloid Neoplasms in Elderly Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1229-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Quinlan ◽  
Lindsay M. Morton ◽  
Ruth M. Pfeiffer ◽  
Lesley A. Anderson ◽  
Ola Landgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Myeloid Neoplasms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

scholarly journals Infections in the solid-organ transplant recipients

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Manal El Said
Keyword(s):  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

The advancement in the field of transplant has led to the increasing number of solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). This success leads to novel confronts in communicable infections, which are compound by the emergence of newly contagious and antimicrobial drugs resistant microorganisms. The prevention of infections is a cornerstone of any modern solid organ transplantation program. Understanding the fundamentals of these infections with early detection is crucial for improving the outcomes of such patients and lowers the probable extra complications.  The probability of critical infections in SOTRs is established by relations between the patient’s epidemiological exposures and the net condition of immune repression. A timeline was formed to build up a discrepancy diagnosis of infection in SORTs. The improvement in screening, the investigations including imaging and molecular techniques and prophylactic intervention protocols, has made it promising to limit the penalty of infections and act towards better patient endurance. Pre-transplant screening of the prospective organ donor and recipient provides a chance to evaluate the viability and wellbeing of transplantation, to decide the prophylaxis and protective approaches developed post-transplant, to find out and entirely treat active infection in the possible recipient proceeding to transplant, to renovate the vaccination condition of the potential recipient.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Hosts: What We Know So Far

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Fung ◽  
Jennifer M Babik
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused significant morbidity and mortality for patients and stressed healthcare systems worldwide. The clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 among immunosuppressed patients, who are at presumed risk of more severe disease but who may also have decreased detrimental inflammatory responses, are not well characterized. We review the existing literature on COVID-19 among immunocompromised populations ranging from patients with cancer and solid-organ transplant recipients to patients with HIV and those receiving immunomodulatory therapy for autoimmune disease. Patients with malignancy and solid-organ transplant recipients may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death, whereas for those with other types of immunocompromise, current evidence is less clear. Overall, further prospective controlled studies are needed to determine the attributable risk of immunocompromising conditions and therapies on COVID-19 disease prognosis.

Grouped Cases of Pulmonary Pneumocystosis After Solid Organ Transplantation: Advantages of Coordination by an Infectious Diseases Unit for Overall Management and Epidemiological Monitoring

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Wintenberger ◽  
Daniele Maubon ◽  
Elena Charpentier ◽  
John Rendu ◽  
Patricia Pavese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

OBJECTIVETo determine the origin of grouped cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid-organ transplant recipients at our institution.DESIGNA case series with clinical examinations, genotyping, and an epidemiological survey.SETTINGA university hospital in France.PATIENTSWe report 12 solid-organ transplant recipients with successive cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia that occurred over 3 years; 10 of these cases occurred in a single year.METHODSWe used molecular typing of P. jirovecii strains by multilocus sequence typing and clinical epidemiological survey to determine potential dates and places of transmission.RESULTSBetween May 2014 and March 2015, 10 solid-organ transplant recipients (5 kidney transplants, 4 heart transplants, and 1 lung transplant) presented with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Molecular genotyping revealed the same P. jirovecii strain in at least 6 patients. This Pneumocystis strain was not identified in control patients (ie, nontransplant patients presenting with pulmonary pneumocystosis) during this period. The epidemiological survey guided by sequencing results provided information on the probable or possible dates and places of contamination for 5 of these patients. The mobile infectious diseases unit played a coordination role in the clinical management (adaptation of the local guidelines) and epidemiological survey.CONCLUSIONOur cardiac and kidney transplant units experienced grouped cases of pulmonary pneumocystosis. Genotyping and epidemiological surveying results suggested interhuman contamination, which was quickly eliminated thanks to multidisciplinary coordination.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:179–185

Burkitt post-transplantation lymphoma in adult solid organ transplant recipients

Cancer ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 118 (19) ◽  
pp. 4715-4724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Zimmermann ◽  
Petra Reinke ◽  
Ruth Neuhaus ◽  
Hans Lehmkuhl ◽  
Stephan Oertel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Chemoprevention of Skin Carcinomas in High-Risk Transplant Recipients

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-697
Author(s):  
Paola Savoia ◽  
Elisa Zavattaro ◽  
Ottavio Cremona
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Background: Long-term immunosuppressive therapy, as provided to solid organ transplant recipients, inevitably results in a significant inhibition of immune defenses; this leads to frequent skin infections and malignancies, which represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality for transplanted patients. The incidence and risk of skin carcinomas are elevated in solid organ transplant recipients in comparison with the general population, with a 10-fold increased risk for basal cell carcinoma and a 50-100-fold for squamous cell carcinoma. The schedule of immunosuppressive drugs influences the type and timing of skin malignancies, but a crucial role is also played by endogenous and exogenous risk factors. Methods & Results: Here, we will review the state-of-the-art in chemoprevention of epidermal carcinomas in order to provide useful information for clinicians involved in the management of transplant recipients. One-hundred and forteen paper, published on peerreviewed journals, has been included. Conclusion: Chemoprevention would be key in controlling skin carcinogenesis in high-risk patients.

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