scholarly journals Clinical Application of Ultraviolet C Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Contaminated Hospital Environments

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2367
Author(s):  
Wen-Lin Su ◽  
Chih-Pei Lin ◽  
Hui-Ching Huang ◽  
Yao-Kuang Wu ◽  
Mei-Chen Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Hospital Environments ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Contamination Rate ◽  
Isolation Ward ◽  
Wood Surfaces

To overcome the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, transmission routes, such as healthcare worker infection, must be effectively prevented. Ultraviolet C (UVC) (254 nm) has recently been demonstrated to prevent environmental contamination by infected patients; however, studies on its application in contaminated hospital settings are limited. Herein, we explored the clinical application of UVC and determined its optimal dose. Environmental samples (n = 267) collected in 2021 were analyzed by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subjected to UVC irradiation for different durations (minutes). We found that washbasins had a high contamination rate (45.5%). SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated after 15 min (estimated dose: 126 mJ/cm2) of UVC irradiation, and the contamination decreased from 41.7% before irradiation to 16.7%, 8.3%, and 0% after 5, 10, and 15 min of irradiation, respectively (p = 0.005). However, SARS-CoV-2 was still detected in washbasins after irradiation for 20 min but not after 30 min (252 mJ/cm2). Thus, 15 min of 254-nm UVC irradiation was effective in cleaning plastic, steel, and wood surfaces in the isolation ward. For silicon items, such as washbasins, 30 min was suggested; however, further studies using hospital environmental samples are needed to confirm the effective UVC inactivation of SARS-CoV-2.

Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus in environmental samples

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gajardo ◽  
R. M. Pintó ◽  
A. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Group A ◽  
Reaction Amplification ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain

A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay is described that has been developed for the detection and serotyping of group A rotavirus in stool specimens and concentrated and non-concentrated sewage specimens.

scholarly journals Occurrence of virulent multidrug-resistantEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumin the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiang Chiet Tan ◽  
Chun Wie Chong ◽  
Cindy Shuan Ju Teh ◽  
Peck Toung Ooi ◽  
Kwai Lin Thong
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
Polymerase Chain

BackgroundEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumare ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes ofE. faecalisandE. faeciumfrom swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored.MethodsE. faecalisandE. faeciumstrains were isolated from the oral, rectal and fecal samples of 140 pigs; nasal, urine and fecal samples of 34 farmers working in the farms and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms located in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis were performed to determine the clonality of the strains. Crosstab/Chi-square test and DistLM statistical analyses methods were used to determine the correlations between the genotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors.ResultsA total of 211E. faecalisand 42E. faeciumwere recovered from 140 pigs, 34 farmers and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Ninety-eight percent of the strains were multidrug-resistant (resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin). Fifty-two percent of the strains formed biofilms. Virulence genesefa, asaI, gelE,esp,cylandacegenes were detected. Virulence genesefaandasaI were most prevalent inE. faecalis(90%) andE. faecium(43%), respectively. Cluster analyses based on REP-PCR and PFGE showed the strains were genetically diverse. Overall, the strains isolated from pigs and farmers were distinct, except for three highly similar strains found in pigs and farmers. The strains were regional- and host-specific.DiscussionThis study revealed alarming high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in pigs and swine farmers. The presence of resistance and virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm further enhance the persistence and pathogenicity of the strains. Although the overall clonality of the strains were regionals and host-specific, strains with high similarity were found in different hosts. This study reiterates a need of a more stringent regulation to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in swine husbandry to reduce the wide spread of multidrug-resistant strains.

scholarly journals Diversity ofLeptospiraspp. in Rats and Environment from Urban Areas of Sarawak, Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Fung Pui ◽  
Lesley Maurice Bilung ◽  
Kasing Apun ◽  
Lela Su’ut
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Soil And Water

Various prevalence studies onLeptospirain animals and humans, as well as environmental samples, had been conducted worldwide, including Malaysia. However, limited studies have been documented on the presence of pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophyticLeptospirain selected animals and environments. This study was therefore conducted to detectLeptospiraspp. in rats, soil, and water from urban areas of Sarawak using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 107 rats, 292 soil samples, and 324 water samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. PathogenicLeptospirawas present in 5.6% (6/107) of rats, 11.6% (34/292) of soil samples, and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. IntermediateLeptospirawas present in 2.7% (8/292) of soil samples and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. SaprophyticLeptospirawas present in 10.3% (11/107) of rats, 1.4% (4/292) of soil samples, and 0.3% (1/324) of water samples. From this study, 76Leptospiraspp. were isolated. Based on DNA sequencing, the dominantLeptospiraspp. circulating in urban areas of Sarawak are pathogenicLeptospira noguchii, intermediateLeptospira wolffiiserovar Khorat, and saprophyticLeptospira meyeri, respectively. Overall, this study provided important surveillance data on the prevalence ofLeptospiraspp. from rats and the environment, with dominant local serovars in urban areas of Sarawak.

Evaluation of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Direct Detection of Escherichia coli Strains in Environmental Samples

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa A. Sherfi . ◽  
Hamid A. Dirar . ◽  
Badr E. Hago . ◽  
Mohamed E. Ahmed . ◽  
Hassan A. Musa . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Extraction of microsporidial DNA from modified trichrome-stained clinical slides and subsequent species identification using PCR sequencing

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. CHAN ◽  
T. H. KOH
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Conditions ◽  
Hiv Negative

SUMMARYMolecular techniques involving polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing provide a relatively simple and objective means of identifying microsporidia to species level. We modified previously described methods of DNA extraction and PCR conditions for identification of microsporidia from museum slides, clinical specimens and environmental samples and successfully identifiedVittaforma corneaein 11 out of 13 cases of microsporidial infection from used trichrome-stained slides of corneal scrapings from HIV-negative patients with keratoconjunctivitis.

Development of polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridisation techniques for the detection of a bacterial strain that degrades the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bourne ◽  
R. L. Blakeley ◽  
P. Riddles ◽  
G. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxin ◽  
Specific Amplification ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) techniques were developed for the detection of a Sphingomonas bacterium (strain MJ-PV), previously demonstrated to degrade the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR. A PCR amplification protocol using the primer set Sph-f1008/Sph-r1243 demonstrated specific amplification of the target 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of strain MJ-PV. A 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) targeted probe, Sph-r1264, labelled with a rhodamine fluorescent dye was successfully used in whole-cell FISH for the detection of MJ-PV in seeded controls. DNA primers and a PCR protocol were developed for the specific amplification of a gene, mlrA, which codes for the enzyme MlrA, responsible for hydrolysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR. A survey using 16S rDNA and mlrA primers on extracted DNA from environmental samples of a lake that suffers regular toxic cyanobacterial blooms demonstrated no amplified products indicative of the presence of MJ-PV or mlrA. Although not detecting the MJ-PV strain in the tested environmental samples, these developed methods are useful to study the distribution of strain MJ-PV demonstrated to degrade mycrocystin LR in seeded bioremediation trails, as well as the distribution and the regulation of mlrA shown to be involved in mycrocystin LR degradation.

scholarly journals Detection of Salmonella DNA in Chicken Embryos and Environmental Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction.

1996 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 881-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. TUCHILI ◽  
Hiroshi KODAMA ◽  
Ravindra N. SHARMA ◽  
Ichiro TAKATORI ◽  
Girja S. PANDEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Polymerase Chain
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