scholarly journals Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Samuel Folorunso ◽  
Olihile M. Sebolai
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.

scholarly journals The Impact of Various Mode of Financings in Reducing Inequality in Various Groups of Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Irma Yuliani ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The existence of Islamic bank not always provide positive impact to the real sector of economy. Declining inequality is one of the expected significant impacts with appyling mode of financing as instrument to relize that. This study aims to investigate the impact of mode of financing was applied by Islamic bank to reduce inequality among countries of IsDB Group. World bank data and IDB data of Islamic banks are employed as samples from 1977 to 2018. The results show that equity and leasing have a positive effect and significant to reduce inequality for low income countries, where the leasing or ijarah have the most effective impact than all. In addition, instalment sale of financing has a significant impact to reduce inequality for middle-income countries, loan is being the only significant mode of financing to reduce inequality in all IDB countries. Unfortunately, Mudharabah, PLS (profit and loss sharing), Murabahan and Istishna have not significantly impact to reduce inequality

scholarly journals On the determinants of trade openness in low- and lower–middle-income countries in Africa: how important is economic growth?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Boahene Osei ◽  
Yakubu Awudu Sare ◽  
Muazu Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe existing literature highlights the determinants of trade openness with disregard to the income classifications of countries in examining whether the determinants differ given their income levels. This study, therefore, re-examines the drivers of trade openness in Africa relying on panel data with special focus on the role of economic growth. More specifically, we perform a comparative analysis of the factors influencing trade openness for low-income and lower–middle-income countries using the system generalized method of moments. Our findings suggest that, while economic growth robustly enhances openness in low-income countries, in the case of lower–middle-income countries, the impact is not robust and largely negative suggesting that higher growth is associated with less openness. We also find that, economic growth–openness nexus for the lower-income countries exhibits non-linearities and inverted U-shaped relationship in particular. Thus, while increases in real GDP per capita enhance openness, beyond an estimated threshold point, any increases in economic growth dampen openness. We discuss key implications for policy.

More than poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 536-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore D. Wachs ◽  
Santiago Cueto ◽  
Haogen Yao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Developmental Risks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Studies from both high and low-middle income (LAMI) countries have documented how being reared in poverty is linked to compromised child development. Links between poverty and development are mediated by the timing and extent of exposure to both risk factors nested under poverty and to protective influences which can attenuate the impact of risk. While children from high-, middle-, and low-income countries are exposed to similar types of developmental risks, children from low- and middle-income countries are exposed to a greater number, more varied and more intense risks. Given these contextual differences, cumulative risk models may provide a better fit than mediated models for understanding the nature of pathways linking economic insufficiency and developmental inequality in low- and middle-income countries, and for designing interventions to promote development of children from these countries. New evidence from a large scale UNICEF data set illustrates the application of a cumulative risk/protective perspective in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus Profile

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatim Kouismi ◽  
Sanae Hammi ◽  
Khalid Bouti ◽  
Aziza Rhanim ◽  
Khaoula El Ataouna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Impact

Background : About 95% of patients with tuberculosis (TB) and 70% of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) live in low and middle-income countries. As a result, DM and TB are increasingly occurring together. The risk of tuberculosis is two to five times greater in patients with diabetes.The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with diabetes and to evaluate the impact of tuberculosis on diabetes control. Patients and Methods : This is a retrospective study of 80 patients with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, comparing 30 patients with diabetes with 50 without diabetes. Results : Diabetes was more frequent in older patients with tuberculosis and in male patients. 63,3% had type 2 diabetes. Tuberculosis symptoms did not differ between the two groups. Involvement of basal segments of the lower lobes and cavitation occurred more frequently in patients with diabetes, but this difference was not significant. The time for conversion to negative of sputum culture was longer in control patients (44,1 ± 20,2 days) than in case (36 ± 18.3) (p = 0.08). Conclusion : Tuberculosis is frequently associated with diabetes mainly in low-income countries. The problem with this association could be accentuated in the future

scholarly journals A framework for Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies in Malawi: Report of a Wellcome Trust workshop on CHIM in Low Income Countries held in Blantyre, Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B Gordon ◽  
Jamie Rylance ◽  
Amy Luck ◽  
Kondwani Jambo ◽  
Daniela M Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies have pivotal importance in vaccine development, being useful for proof of concept, pathogenesis, down-selection and immunogenicity studies.  To date, however, they have seldom been carried out in low and middle income countries (LMIC), which is where the greatest burden of vaccine preventable illness is found.  This workshop discussed the benefits and barriers to CHIM studies in Malawi.  Benefits include improved vaccine effectiveness and host country capacity development in clinical, laboratory and governance domains.  Barriers include acceptability, safety and regulatory issues. The report suggests a framework by which ethical, laboratory, scientific and governance issues may be addressed by investigators considering or planning CHIM in LMIC.

scholarly journals ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN CAPITAL INEQUALITY AND GLOBALIZATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Bani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Political Globalization ◽  
The Impact

This study attempts to tackle the inequality and globalization issue by departing from the usual convention and studying the effect of globalization on another distribution, which is the distribution of human capital. We would like to investigate whether globalization helps to alleviate or worsen inequality in education and benefit everyone in the observed population in the same way in terms of education. Moreover, we would also like to analyze whether the benefit or loss experienced by countries differ across the level of development. Our focus is on the impact of the composite index of globalization as well as its three different dimensions on education inequality. The study shows that the developing countries (low and middle-income countries) do not necessarily benefit from globalization, which clearly contradicts the standard trade theory. This is because we observe the existence of variation of effects within the developing countries itself. Globalization narrows the education gap in low-income countries but it widens the gap in middle-income countries. Additionally, the study also show the importance of social and political globalization, which is often ignored in existing literature. The results are robust to different measures of globalization, exclusion of countries from different regions and inclusion of several control variables.Keywords: Globalization; Human Capital Inequality; System GMM.

scholarly journals P. pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) as a Cost-Effective Tool for Vaccine Production for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Salomé de Sá Magalhães ◽  
Eli Keshavarz-Moore
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Komagataella Phaffii ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Vaccination is of paramount importance to global health. With the advent of the more recent pandemics, the urgency to expand the range has become even more evident. However, the potential limited availability and affordability of vaccines to resource low- and middle-income countries has created a need for solutions that will ensure cost-effective vaccine production methods for these countries. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) (also known as Komagataella phaffii) is one of the most promising candidates for expression of heterologous proteins in vaccines development. It combines the speed and ease of highly efficient prokaryotic platforms with some key capabilities of mammalian systems, potentially reducing manufacturing costs. This review will examine the latest developments in P. pastoris from cell engineering and design to industrial production systems with focus on vaccine development and with reference to specific key case studies.

scholarly journals Financial Crises, Income Levels and Access to Finance

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-124
Author(s):  
Halil Dincer Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Market Capitalization ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this study, we examine the impact of the 2008 Global Crisis on “access to finance” in high-income OECD, high-income non-OECD, middle-income, and low-income countries. We use three measures of access to finance. These are “Number of bank branches per 100,000 adults”, “Value traded of top 10 traded companies to total value traded (%)”, and “Market capitalization outside of top 10 largest companies to total market capitalization (%)”. During the run-up to the crisis and immediately after the crisis, we do not find any significant change in any of the three “access to finance” measures. We find that, during the crisis, only middle-income countries were affected significantly. These countries were affected in only one of the measures which is “Value traded of top 10 traded companies to total value traded (%)”. This measure went up and this change is marginally significant. We conclude that the global crisis only affected “access to finance” in middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Policies to prevent non-communicable disease: implementation trends in 194 countries 2015–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Holmer ◽  
L Allen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Alcohol Policies ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Alcohol Interventions ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The WHO proposed 19 “Best Buy” policies to prevent NCDs, mainly addressing four leading risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy diets and insufficient physical exercise. Yet, little is known about how implementation has changed over time and the role of geopolitical factors. This study addresses that crucial gap. Methods We calculated policy implementation scores for all 194 WHO member states from the 2015, 2017 and 2020 WHO NCD Progress Monitor Reports. We analyzed global trends across the three years for all countries and by geopolitical group and used linear regression to assess association with health, economic and political indicators. Results The global average implementation score in 2020 was 47.0% (SD 19.8%), compared to 44.9% (SD 19.1%) in 2017 and 39.0% (SD 19.3%) in 2015. Implementation scores varied by income level (p < 0.001), with high-income countries' average implementation score over twice that of low-income countries (59.7% vs. 28.9%). Implementation improved for all policies in 2015-2020 except the three alcohol policies which decreased. Implementation scores were associated with the proportion of deaths due to NCDs (β 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.7-0.9, p < 0.001); however, on average, countries with a greater increase in the proportion of deaths due to NCDs were less likely to implement NCD policies (p < 0.001). Conclusions Implementation of policies to prevent NCDs is improving over time, but the average implementation score remains below 50% and progress is uneven. Our findings suggest the need to increase implementation of recommended interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and where the proportion of NCD deaths is growing fastest, and to urgently address the decreasing level of implementation of alcohol interventions. Key messages Implementation of recommended, cost-effective policies to prevent NCDs is improving but remains low, and alcohol policies are decreasing. Low-income countries, and countries where the proportion of deaths due to NCDs is growing the fastest, are least likely to have recommended policies in place to prevent NCDs.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

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