scholarly journals Clove Oil Delays Rather Than Prevents Scur/Horn Growth in Dairy Cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhairi Sutherland ◽  
Alan Julian ◽  
Frances Huddart
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Horn Growth ◽  
Horn Development

The objective of this study was to evaluate if administration of clove oil prevents scur/horn growth in dairy cattle long term. At approximately 4 days of age, calves had one of four treatments assigned to each horn bud: (1) clove oil administered subcutaneously under the horn bud (CLOV, n = 132); (2) cautery disbudded and the horn bud removed (BUDOFF, n = 126); (3) cautery disbudded and the horn bud tissue left intact (BUDON, n = 129); (4) a liquid nitrogen filled probe applied to the horn bud area (CRYO, n = 131). At approximately 16 months of age, all cattle were checked for scur or horn development. A sub-set of scurs/horns from the CLOV cattle were removed to evaluate tissue and structural development. In total, 5% of CLOV buds developed into horns and 63% into scurs; 10% of the scurs looked like normally developed horns but they were not attached to the skull. Cautery disbudding prevented scur and horn development in cattle when the horn bud tissue was removed, but some scur growth was observed in the BUDON treatment. CRYO was 100% ineffective at preventing scur/horn growth. Injecting clove oil under the horn bud appeared to delay horn development, but not prevent it, when administered to 4 day old dairy calves.

Behavioral and physiological assessment of liquid nitrogen cryoablation to prevent horn development in dairy calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhairi A. Sutherland ◽  
Suzanne K. Dowling ◽  
Karin E. Schütz ◽  
Vanessa M. Cave ◽  
Nikki J. Kells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Physiological Assessment ◽  
Horn Development

Evaluation of long-term frozen storage of plasma for measurement of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions by precipitation

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
M N Nanjee ◽  
N E Miller
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Edta Plasma

Abstract The concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma is now established as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, but more data are needed on the relative risk-predictive powers of different HDL subclasses. For epidemiologic and clinical purposes, isolation of HDL from other lipoproteins and separation of its two major subclasses, HDL2 and HDL3, are performed most conveniently by precipitation. Although storage of plasma is commonly necessary, little information is available on the long-term stability of HDL subclasses at different temperatures. Therefore, we quantified HDL-C, HDL2-C, and HDL3-C by dual precipitation with heparin-MnCl2/15-kDa dextran sulfate (H-M/DS) in samples of EDTA-plasma from 93 healthy subjects, after storage for one to 433 days at -20 degrees C, at -70 degrees C, or in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). Fourteen samples (15%) were stored for a year or longer. At -20 degrees C, HDL-C decreased by 4.8% per year and HDL3-C decreased by 6.9% per year (P = 0.002 for both variables) relative to results obtained with samples stored in liquid nitrogen; total cholesterol, HDL2-C, and triglyceride did not change significantly at this temperature. When stored at -70 degrees C, none of the lipids showed any change relative to results obtained with liquid nitrogen. Thus, long-term storage of EDTA-plasma at -20 degrees C is unsuitable for subsequent quantification of HDL-C and its subclasses by H-M/DS dual precipitation. Storage at -70 degrees C is preferable, and is as reliable as storage in liquid nitrogen.

Horn growth patterns of Nubian ibex from the Sinai, Egypt

Mammalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Attum ◽  
Alaaeldin Soultan ◽  
Louis C. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Horn Growth ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Horn Development

Abstract Documenting patterns of horn growth and horn-age relationships of Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of their natural history, horn development in ibex in general, and future conservation of the species. Our specific objectives included (1) documenting age-horn growth patterns; (2) contrasting horn growth patterns of Nubian ibex with other ibex species; and (3) determining whether horn development accurately reflects age of Nubian ibex in Sinai, Egypt. As expected, all male and female horn measurements had significant relationships with age. Horn growth in males started plateauing at ca. age 7–8, whereas female horn growth started plateauing at ca. age 4–6. The extremely arid environment of Nubian ibex in the Sinai may account for the slowing of horn growth at a younger age than seen in populations of some other ibex species. We found a significant relationship between the number of horn ridges and age, indicating that counting horn ridges provides a viable method of aging males to within ±1 y. Thus counting horn ridges may be a useful and non-invasive method to determine age or age class, which can further our understanding of age structure, the natural history, and management of Nubian ibex populations.

Advances in understanding behavioral needs and improving the welfare of calves and heifers

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-198
Author(s):  
Emily Miller-Cushon ◽  
◽  
Jennifer Van Os ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dietary Variety ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
Behavioral Needs ◽  
And Performance

Management factors affecting dairy calves have broad impacts on behavioral development and implications for long-term welfare, and research in this area is increasingly focused on understanding the behavioral needs of the calf, to refine management and improve understanding of welfare. In this chapter, we summarize recent research addressing behavioral needs of pre-weaned calves and post-weaned heifers, encompassing aspects of social interactions and feeding, rest and comfort, and opportunities for other behavioral expression. In general, evidence suggests welfare and performance benefits of accommodating more natural behavioral expression, including social contact, higher milk intakes fed via a teat, dietary variety, and space and resources to accommodate preferred activities, such as grooming and play. Throughout these sections, consequences of restricting these behaviors includes development of abnormal oral behaviors. Emerging themes of this area of research include consideration of individual differences and implications and approaches to accommodate broader behavioral expression through increasing environmental complexity.

scholarly journals Cryopreservation in Coffea canephora Pierre seeds: Slow and fast cooling

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-597
Author(s):  
Stefânia Vilas Boas Coelho ◽  
Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa ◽  
Tatiana Botelho Fantazzini ◽  
Júlia Lima Baute ◽  
Luciano Coutinho Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Rapid Cooling ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Fast Cooling

ABSTRACT Coffee is one of the main agricultural commodities in the country, and it is important to conservation of plant material for breeding programs. Cryopreservation is a promising alternative for preserving in the long-term the germplasm of species considered recalcitrant. However, studies should be performed to achieve maximum survival of seedlings after immersion in liquid nitrogen. The objective of this work was to find a cryopreservation protocol for storing seeds of Coffea canephora, studying two methods of cryopreservation, slow and fast cooling. Seeds were subjected to drying in silica gel up to the water content of 0.25 g g-1. In the first experiment, dried seeds were subjected to treatments of slow cooling at speeds of -1 ºC min-1,-3 ºC min-1 and -5 ºC min-1 until the end temperatures of -40 ºC, -50 ºC and -60 ºC, by means of a bio freezer and subsequently immersed in liquid nitrogen. In the second experiment, the best result was selected of the first experiment and compared with the rapid cooling, in which dried seeds, with 0.25 g g-1 of water content, were immersed directly into liquid nitrogen. Physiological and biochemical alterations occurring in the seeds after cryopreservation were evaluated. Coffea canephora seeds respond better to cryopreservation by rapid cooling, when compared to slow cooling. Drying, one of the cryopreservation steps does not affect the viability of Coffea canephora Pierre seeds, when these seeds are dried to 0.25 g g-1 of water content. Catalase and esterase enzymes are good biochemical markers for cryopreserved coffee seeds and their activity is greater in larger seed physiological quality.

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