scholarly journals Inequality in Access to Drinking Water and Subsidies between Low and High Income Households in Mexico City

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Morales-Novelo ◽  
Lilia Rodríguez-Tapia ◽  
Daniel Revollo-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Income ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Public Network

Economic and population growth in Mexico City (CDMX) is the main cause of an increase in water demand against a naturally limited endowment, which increases the gap between water demand and supply. In a water scarcity environment, households are facing pressure to maintain their involvement in the city’s only operating body, the Water System of Mexico City (SACMEX) total supply. The objective of this work is to measure the inequality in the distribution of drinking water and water subsidies between households connected to the public network of CDMX in order to generate objective indicators of the phenomenon. Having such information provides a baseline scenario of the problem and allows for the delineation of a policy covering the minimum levels of well-being in the supply of drinking water that is appropriate for the most important city in the country. The method consists of measuring inequality through continuous variables estimating the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, the targeting coefficient and elasticity in water consumption and in water subsidies among households in CDMX. Data comes from a household survey carried out in 2011, Consumption Habits, Service and Quality of Water by Household in Mexico City (EHCSCA). Results show that drinking water and subsidies present a regressive distribution, benefit high-income households and, to a lesser degree, the poorest households in the city and highlight the urgency and importance for SACMEX to redefine its policy on water distribution, fees and subsidies. The present study’s scope can contribute to the monitoring of the distribution of drinking water and of subsidies among household groups. The study justifies that the indicators employed in this work can be used and are recommended as a valuable tool in water management, especially in a dynamic environment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Residual Disinfectant Levels in Public Drinking Water Distribution Systems in Relation to an Acanthamoeba Keratitis Outbreak - Illinois, 2002-2009

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Holsinger ◽  
Anna Blackstock ◽  
Sharon L. Roy ◽  
Susan Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Acanthamoeba Keratitis ◽  
Cook County ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Corneal Injury

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a painful, potentially blinding eye disease associated with contact lens use and corneal injury. AK, caused by the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba, is ubiquitous in the environment and has been isolated from municipal water supplies. It can be tolerant of normal chlorine levels in drinking water. An AK outbreak investigated in 2003-2005 in five Illinois counties showed a lower AK age-standardized rate ratio in Cook County than in surrounding counties and was hypothesized to be due in part to reductions in residual disinfectant levels (RDLs) in drinking water. We evaluated RDLs in public water systems in the same five Illinois counties over eight years (2002-2009) using a multivariable model of water system RDL measurements. Fitted RDLs for each county were in the acceptable range by United States Environmental Protection Agency standards for the entire study period. After correcting for multiple testing, two of the surrounding counties had fitted RDLs that differed from Cook County for one year. This pattern differed from the epidemiologic pattern of cases observed in the AK outbreak. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the development of AK was associated with changes in RDLs in the five Illinois counties.

scholarly journals Building a Methodology for Assessing Service Quality under Intermittent Domestic Water Supply

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assia Mokssit ◽  
Bernard de Gouvello ◽  
Aurélie Chazerain ◽  
François Figuères ◽  
Bruno Tassin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
History Of

This document proposes a methodology for assessing the quality of water distribution service in the context of intermittent supply, based on a comparison of joint results from literature reviews and feedback from drinking water operators who had managed these networks, with standards for defining the quality of drinking water service. The paper begins by reviewing and proposing an analysis of the definition and characterization of intermittent water supply (IWS), highlighting some important findings. The diversity of approaches used to address the issue and the difficulty of defining a precise and detailed history of water supply in the affected systems broadens the spectrum of intermittency characterization and the problems it raises. The underlined results are then used to structure an evaluation framework for the water service and to develop improvement paths defined in the intermittent networks. The resulting framework highlights the means available to water stakeholders to assess their operational and management performance in achieving the improvement objectives defined by the environmental and socio-economic contexts in which the network operates. Practical examples of intermittent system management are collected from water system operators and presented for illustration purposes (Jeddah, Algiers, Port-au-Prince, Amman, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Mexico, Cancun, Saltillo, Mumbai, Delhi, Coimbatore …).

scholarly journals A bottom-up approach of stochastic demand allocation in water quality modelling

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
J. H. G. Vreeburg ◽  
H. Beverloo ◽  
M. Klein Arfman ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Patterns

Abstract. An "all pipes" hydraulic model of a drinking water distribution system was constructed with two types of demand allocations. One is constructed with the conventional top-down approach, i.e. a demand multiplier pattern from the booster station is allocated to all demand nodes with a correction factor to account for the average water demand on that node. The other is constructed with a bottom-up approach of demand allocation, i.e., each individual home is represented by one demand node with its own stochastic water demand pattern. This was done for a drinking water distribution system of approximately 10 km of mains and serving ca. 1000 homes. The system was tested in a real life situation. The stochastic water demand patterns were constructed with the end-use model SIMDEUM on a per second basis and per individual home. Before applying the demand patterns in a network model, some temporal aggregation was done. The flow entering the test area was measured and a tracer test with sodium chloride was performed to determine travel times. The two models were validated on the total sum of demands and on travel times. The study showed that the bottom-up approach leads to realistic water demand patterns and travel times, without the need for any flow measurements or calibration. In the periphery of the drinking water distribution system it is not possible to calibrate models on pressure, because head losses are too low. The study shows that in the periphery it is also difficult to calibrate on water quality (e.g. with tracer measurements), as a consequence of the high variability between days. The stochastic approach of hydraulic modelling gives insight into the variability of travel times as an added feature beyond the conventional way of modelling.

scholarly journals Quantitative microbial risk assessment of distributed drinking water using faecal indicator incidence and concentrations

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hein M. van Lieverloo ◽  
E. J. Mirjam Blokker ◽  
Gertjan Medema
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Contamination Events ◽  
Very High

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessments (QMRA) have focused on drinking water system components upstream of distribution to customers, for nominal and event conditions. Yet some 15—33% of waterborne outbreaks are reported to be caused by contamination events in distribution systems. In the majority of these cases and probably in all non-outbreak contamination events, no pathogen concentration data was available. Faecal contamination events are usually detected or confirmed by the presence of E.coli or other faecal indicators, although the absence of this indicator is no guarantee of the absence of faecal pathogens. In this paper, the incidence and concentrations of various coliforms and sources of faecal contamination were used to estimate the possible concentrations of faecal pathogens and consequently the infection risks to consumers in event-affected areas. The results indicate that the infection risks may be very high, especially from Campylobacter and enteroviruses, but also that the uncertainties are very high. The high variability of pathogen to thermotolerant coliform ratios estimated in environmental samples severely limits the applicability of the approach described. Importantly, the highest ratios of enteroviruses to thermotolerant coliform were suggested from soil and shallow groundwaters, the most likely sources of faecal contamination that are detected in distribution systems. Epidemiological evaluations of non-outbreak faecal contamination of drinking water distribution systems and thorough tracking and characterisation of the contamination sources are necessary to assess the actual risks of these events.

scholarly journals Persistence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in a Drinking Water System after Addition of Filtration Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 5864-5869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Hilborn ◽  
Terry C. Covert ◽  
Mitchell A. Yakrus ◽  
Stephanie I. Harris ◽  
Sandra F. Donnelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water System

ABSTRACT There is evidence that drinking water may be a source of infections with pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in humans. One method by which NTM are believed to enter drinking water distribution systems is by their intracellular colonization of protozoa. Our goal was to determine whether we could detect a reduction in the prevalence of NTM recovered from an unfiltered surface drinking water system after the addition of ozonation and filtration treatment and to characterize NTM isolates by using molecular methods. We sampled water from two initially unfiltered surface drinking water treatment plants over a 29-month period. One plant received the addition of filtration and ozonation after 6 months of sampling. Sample sites included those at treatment plant effluents, distributed water, and cold water taps (point-of-use [POU] sites) in public or commercial buildings located within each distribution system. NTM were recovered from 27% of the sites. POU sites yielded the majority of NTM, with >50% recovery despite the addition of ozonation and filtration. Closely related electrophoretic groups of Mycobacterium avium were found to persist at POU sites for up to 26 months. Water collected from POU cold water outlets was persistently colonized with NTM despite the addition of ozonation and filtration to a drinking water system. This suggests that cold water POU outlets need to be considered as a potential source of chronic human exposure to NTM.

Optimization of small hydropower systems in water distribution networks through evolutionary algorithms and water demand forecasting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sitzenfrei ◽  
Lukas Schartner ◽  
Martin Oberascher
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Hydropower Production ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Demand Forecasts

<p>The transition from fossil fuel to renewable energies represents the central challenge of the early 21st century. In this context, small hydro power systems (SHPS) can be implemented in water distribution networks (WDNs) to use pressure and drinking water surplus for hydropower production. However, inflow to SHPS is normally controlled based on the available water volume after ensuring a reliable drinking water supply and considering a fire-fighting reserve. Hence, the hydropower generation in WDNs has to be in accordance with its primary tasks. The challenge now is to optimally use the available pressure and water surplus for hydropower production while at the same time reliably fulfilling drinking water constraints.</p><p>In this work, future predictions of daily water demand are added into the control strategy of SHPS to optimize the operation. The control procedure of a SHPS is optimized by means of an evolutionary algorithm in combination with Monte-Carlo sampling. This is done for different categorized water demand and water source data in order to maximize profit while ensuring the WDNs reliable operation. Further, water demand forecasts of varying quality are evaluated in combination with previously optimized and categorized SHPS control-sets. For case study, a real WDN of an Alpine municipality is hypothetically retrofitted with a controllable SHPS. Different types of SHPS and turbine characterises are investigated using amount of hydropower production, more specifically profitability, as performance indicator.</p><p>While in literature, optimization is usually performed based on representative days (e.g., average day demand), long-term simulations over 10 years are used in this work. Therefore, a sufficient supply pressure in all water demand nodes in the WDN is ensured during this period. This results in a significant lower but more realistic estimation of potential benefits. The results also show, that after optimizing the SHPS location and device size, an additional potential increase of yearly profit of 1.1% can be achieved in the long-term operation of a Pelton turbine by considering water demand forecasts.</p>

Этапы развития методов ремонта водопроводных и канализационных сетей

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman, Kel’
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Sewer Networks

Строительство сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения г. Новокузнецка осуществлялось в 19501970 годах при бурном развитии промышленного города. Сегодня ООО Водоканал является основным предприятием в Новокузнецке, предоставляющим коммунальные услуги холодного водоснабжения и водоотведения населению и предприятиям города. В 1990-е годы состояние сетей и экономическая ситуация в стране требовали поиска новых эффективных технологий строительства и ремонта с минимальными затратами времени, ресурсов и финансовых средств для максимально эффективного выполнения работ. На сегодняшний день настрой предприятия на поиск технически новых и в то же время экономически эффективных методов ремонта сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения позволяет обеспечить потребителей качественной питьевой водой как одного из факторов санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, повышения эффективности, надежности и качества работы систем и сооружений питьевого водоснабжения и водоотведения города.The construction of water distribution and sewer networks in Novokuznetsk was carried out in 19501970 with the rapid development of the industrial city. Today Vodokanal LLC is the main provider of cold water supply and wastewater disposal services to the population and industries in Novokuznetsk. In the 1990s, the conditions of the networks and the economic situation in the country required the search for advanced time-effective construction and repair technologies at minimum use of resources and finance for the most efficient performance of work. Today, the attitude of the enterprise for search for technically new, while also cost-effective, methods of repairing water distribution and sewer networks allow providing consumers with high-quality drinking water as one of the factors of sanitary and epidemiological well-being, improving the efficiency, reliability and quality of operations of the municipal drinking water supply and wastewater disposal facilities.

scholarly journals Application of LSTM Networks for Water Demand Prediction in Optimal Pump Control

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Christian Kühnert ◽  
Naga Mamatha Gonuguntla ◽  
Helene Krieg ◽  
Dimitri Nowak ◽  
Jorge A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Series Prediction ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Demand Prediction ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Water Demand Prediction

Every morning, water suppliers need to define their pump schedules for the next 24 h for drinking water production. Plans must be designed in such a way that drinking water is always available and the amount of unused drinking water pumped into the network is reduced. Therefore, operators must accurately estimate the next day’s water consumption profile. In real-life applications with standard consumption profiles, some expert system or vector autoregressive models are used. Still, in recent years, significant improvements for time series prediction have been achieved through special deep learning algorithms called long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. This paper investigates the applicability of LSTM models for water demand prediction and optimal pump control and compares LSTMs against other methods currently used by water suppliers. It is shown that LSTMs outperform other methods since they can easily integrate additional information like the day of the week or national holidays. Furthermore, the online- and transfer-learning capabilities of the LSTMs are investigated. It is shown that LSTMs only need a couple of days of training data to achieve reasonable results. As the focus of the paper is on the real-world application of LSTMs, data from two different water distribution plants are used for benchmarking. Finally, it is shown that the LSTMs significantly outperform the system currently in operation.

Utility quick test for analyzing materials for drinking water distribution systems for effect on taste-and-odor

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schweitzer ◽  
P. Tomboulian ◽  
K. Atasi ◽  
T. Chen ◽  
D. Khiari
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Sensory Analyses ◽  
European Standards

A workshop of international drinking water experts was convened in Sedona, Arizona, March 26-27, 2001 for the purpose of developing a method for testing drinking water system components for their potential to contribute to taste-and-odor problems in drinking water. The workshop participants derived a method using provisions from European Standards as well as newly developed approaches. It is intended that this method can serve as a temporary procedure for water utilities, as well as a recommended template to derive an official standard. Materials to be tested may include pipes, fittings, ancillaries, joints, lubricants, tanks, and reservoirs. The recommended method includes a migration (leaching) test with chlorinated water, followed by sensory analysis of the samples from the migration test after dechlorination. Sensory analyses use both statistical (e.g., triangle test) and descriptive (e.g. Flavor Profile Analysis) techniques. A decision tree for the results is provided.

Haloacetic acid degradation by a biofilm in a simulated drinking water distribution system

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pluchon ◽  
J. B. Sérodes ◽  
C. Berthiaume ◽  
S. J. Charette ◽  
Y. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Simulated Distribution

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are disinfection by-products formed as a result of the reaction between chlorine and natural organic matter found in water. HAA concentrations have been observed to decrease at distribution system extremities. This decrease is associated with microbiological degradation by pipe wall biofilm. The objective of this study was to evaluate HAA degradation in a drinking water system in the presence of a biofilm and to identify the factors that influence this degradation. Degradation of dichloracetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was observed in a simulated distribution system. The results obtained showed that different parameters came into play simultaneously in the degradation of HAAs, including retention time, water temperature, biomass, composition of organic matter, and pipe diameter. Seasonal variations had a major effect on HAA degradation and biomass quantity was lower by 1 to 2 logs in the winter and spring compared with the fall. HAA removal decreased with increasingly large pipe diameters. The specific effects of each of these factors were difficult to isolate from each other owing to interactions.

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