scholarly journals The Evolution and Sources of Major Ions in Hot Springs in the Triassic Carbonates of Chongqing, China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Ta ◽  
Xun Zhou ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
Xinyun Wang ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Incongruent Dissolution ◽  
Bearing Cap

Thermal groundwater in the Lower and Middle Triassic carbonates in Chongqing, China, is mainly concentrated in anticlines. Hot springs (32.9 to 57 °C) with SO4-Ca type waters and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 1620 to 2929 mg/L emerge in the middle and the plunging ends of the structures. Multivariate methods are used to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics of the waters, and identify the sources of the main dissolved components, providing an insight into the evolution of the environment in which they formed. Hierarchical cluster analysis of compositional data differentiates samples in the study area into three categories: high TDS-high Ca2+ and SO42− water; medium TDS-high Na+ and Cl− water; and low TDS-high HCO3− water. Factor analysis and ion ratio relationships show that Ca2+ and SO42− are mainly derived from the dissolution of gypsum and anhydrite within the geothermal reservoir, with some addition of SO42− from coal-bearing cap rocks. The main source of HCO3−, is in the dissolution of dolomite and CO2 that also promotes the incongruent dissolution of albite and K-feldspar, adding Na+ and K+ to the groundwater. Reverse modelling of the transfers of each phase shows, in three models, that the minerals dissolved decrease progressively—with the exception of halite and albite. Combined with the hydrochemical characteristics of hot water in the same reservoir in the adjacent area (Cl-Na type, TDS of 13.37 g/L), a process of desalination of the hot water can be confirmed, which has not yet reached the ‘freshwater’ stage dominated by HCO3−.

scholarly journals Identification of Geothermal Potential Based on Fault Fracture Density (FFD), Geological Mapping and Geochemical Analysis, Case Study : Bantarkawung, Brebes, Central Java

KnE Energy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Oktoberiman . ◽  
Dimas Aji Ramadhan P ◽  
Fajar Rizki W ◽  
Rizal Tawakal A
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
Fracture Density ◽  
Geothermal Potential

<p>Insufficient of conventional energy production today in Indonesia, encouraging all elements to discover an alternative energy. Geothermal is one of big potential alternative energy in Indonesia regarding the conditon of geological setting in Indonesia which has 129 active volcanoes. Bantarkawung is located in the western of Mount Slamet where hot spring occured as geothermal manifestation. This indicate geothermal potential in that area. This research is aimed to identify geothermal potential that lies in bantarkawung using Fault Fracture Density (FFD), Geological Mapping and Geochemical analysis. Based on FFD analysis known that anomaly area is located at central and northeast of research area, and based on geological mapping known that area composed by mudstone unit and sandstone unit, water temperature of research area is 43 °C to 62 °C, by using geochemical analysis of major ions HCO3-,Cl-,S042- known that the type of hot water is bicarbonate water which characterized as an outflow zone of geothermal system. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Bantarkawung; FFD; geochemichal analysis; geothermal; hot springs</p>

scholarly journals Origin of the low-medium temperature hot springs around Nanjing, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 820-834
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Zhifang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal Water ◽  
Geological Condition ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Karst Landform ◽  
Karst Landforms ◽  
Development And Management

Abstract The exploration of the origin of hot spring is the basis of its development and utilization. There are many low-medium temperature hot springs in Nanjing and its surrounding karst landform areas, such as the Tangshan, Tangquan, Lunshan, and Xiangquan hot springs. This article discusses the origin characters of the Lunshan hot spring with geological condition analysis, hydrogeochemical data, and isotope data. The results show that the hot water is SO4–Ca type in Lunshan area, and the cation content of SO4 is high, which are related to the deep hydrogeological conditions of the circulation in the limestone. Carbonate and anhydrite dissolutions occur in the groundwater circulation process, and they also dominate the water–rock interaction processes in the geothermal reservoir of Lunshan. The hot water rising channels are deeply affected by the NW and SN faults. Schematic diagrams of the conceptual model of the geothermal water circulation in Lunshan are plotted. The origin of Tangshan, Tangquan, and Xiangquan hot springs are similar to the Lunshan hot spring. In general, the geothermal water in karst landforms around Nanjing mainly runs through the carbonate rock area and is exposed near the core of the anticlinal structure of karst strata, forming SO4–Ca/SO4–Ca–Mg type hot spring with the water temperature less than 60°C. The characters of the hot springs around Nanjing are similar, which are helpful for the further research, development, and management of the geothermal water resources in this region.

Coupling compositional data analysis (CoDA) with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for preliminary understanding of the dynamics of a complex water distribution system: the Naples (south Italy) case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooria Ebrahimi ◽  
Stefano Albanese ◽  
Leopoldo Esposito ◽  
Daniela Zuzolo ◽  
Domenico Cicchella
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Global Concern

Providing safe tap water has been a global concern. Water scarcity, the ever-increasing water demand, temporal variation of water consumption, aging urban water infrastructure and anthropogenic pressure on the water...

scholarly journals Hydrochemical characteristics of the hot spring waters in the Kangding district related to the Lushan <i>M</i><sub>S</sub> 7.0 earthquake in Sichuan, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 7293-7308
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
J. Du ◽  
C. Xie ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Lushan Earthquake ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Deep Earth ◽  
Precipitation Water

Abstract. Hydrogeochemistry of 10 hot springs in the Kangding district was investigated by analyzing cation and anion concentrations of the spring waters. The water samples were collected within 5 days after the Lushan earthquake. The spring waters are classified into 7 chemical types based on the hydrochemical compositions. Comparison with the hydrochemical data before the Lushan earthquake, concentrations of Ca2+, HCO3− and TDS of the waters from the Guanding, Erdaoqiao, Gonghe, Erhaoying, Tianwanhe and Caoke springs evidently increased, which resulted from enhancing interaction between deep-earth fluids and carbonate rocks by the increment of dissolved CO2 in the groundwater. Concentrations of Na+, Cl− and SO42− of the waters from the Guanding, zheduotang, Xinxing and Gonghe springs were decreased, indicating dilution of precipitation water. Concentrations of Na+ and SO42− of the Erhaoying spring water increased, which may be attributed to the more supplement of fluids enriched in sulfur. The results indicate that hydrochemical components of spring water can be used as an effective indicator for earthquakes.

scholarly journals Geochemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal Volatiles From Southeast China and Their Implications on the Tectonic Structure Controlling Heat Convection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Tian ◽  
Yiman Li ◽  
Xiaocheng Zhou ◽  
Zhonghe Pang ◽  
Liwu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Volatile Component ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Geothermal Area ◽  
Tectonic Structure ◽  
Southeast China ◽  
Geothermal Fluids

Hot springs and igneous rocks are present widely in southeast China, influenced by the subduction of the Western Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates. This study reports on new data of chemical compositions and He–Ne–C isotopes for gas samples from representative hot springs and wells in the Guangdong and Fujian provinces to identify the origin of hydrothermal volatiles and provide insight into geothermal tectonic affinities. The primary hydrothermal volatile component from southeast China is atmospheric N2, with a volumetric percentage of 82.19%–98.29%. It indicates medium-low temperature geothermal systems where geothermal fluids suffered a shallow circulation in closed fracture systems. Low CO2 and CH4 contents and their depleted δ13C values confirmed the small number of deep-derived components in the study area. However, spatially discernible geochemical characteristics imply enhanced hydrothermal fluid convection in the adjacent area of the two provinces, including the Fengshun, Zhangzhou, Longyan, and Sanming geothermal fields. Specifically, the He–Ne isotopes from this area exhibit mantle He contribution of more than 10% and mantle heat flow accounts for more than half of the total heat flow. Moreover, according to the thermal background calculations, the highest heat flow value of 77.7 mW/m2 is indicated for the Zhangzhou geothermal area and the lowest value of 54.7 mW/m2 is indicated for the Maoming geothermal area. Given the epicenter distributions and the corresponding earthquake magnitudes, the NE-trending faults are heat-control tectonic structures and their intersections with the NW-trending faults provided expedite channels for geothermal fluids rising to the surface. Therefore, the preferred development potential of geothermal resources can be expected in the adjacent area of the two provinces where two sets of active faults crossed. This study provides critical information on understanding the geothermal distribution controlled by the tectonic structure in southeast China.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry, Geothermometry, and Genesis of the Hot Springs in the Simao Basin in Southwestern China

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Xun Zhou ◽  
Haisheng Liu ◽  
Mingxiao Yu ◽  
Kuo Hai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Red Beds ◽  
Incongruent Dissolution ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Isotopic Analyses

In the Simao Basin in southwest China widely occur red beds of poor permeability. Nevertheless, more than 100 springs exist in the basin, some of which are hot springs with varying temperature. Hot springs contain abundant information on hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater circulation. In this study, hydrochemical and isotopic analyses and mixed models are used to examine the sources of recharge, heat, and solutes of the hot springs to better understand the subsurface processes and formation mechanisms of different hot springs in the basin. Three types of springs are found in the Simao Basin: springs of HCO3-Na type occur in the metamorphic rocks, springs of HCO3-Ca(Mg) and Cl-HCO3-Na-Ca types in the carbonate rocks, and springs of Cl(SO4)-SO4(Cl)-HCO3-Na(Ca) type in the red beds. Data of δ2H and δ18O indicate that the hot springs in the Simao Basin are meteoric in origin. Incongruent dissolution is the dominant process affecting the chemical compositions of the spring waters. The hydrochemical constituents of the hot springs in the metamorphic rocks, carbonate rocks, and red beds are influenced by the weathering of albite and the dissolution of carbonate, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. The geothermal waters are mixed with shallow cold waters in their ascending processes, and the mixing ratios of cold water range from 58% to 94%. Due to the effect of mixing, the reservoir temperatures (51°C-127°C) calculated with the quartz geothermometer are regarded as the minimum reservoir temperatures. More reliable reservoir temperatures (91°C-132°C) are estimated with the fixed-Al method. The following mechanisms contribute to the formation of hot springs in the Simao Basin: the groundwater receives recharge from infiltration of precipitation and undergoes deep circulation, during which groundwater is heated by heat flow and incongruently dissolves the subsurface minerals and emerges in the form of hot springs along the permeable fracture or fault zones.

Water, Life and Geology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ines freyssinel
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Marine Organism ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Geothermal Activity ◽  
Water Springs

&lt;p&gt;In Geology, water plays a major role in the transformation of landscapes. Hot water springs can be exploited as geothermic resources. The first forms of life on Earth, cyanobacteria, lived in water. I studied these three examples with my students, implementing various educational strategies: field trips, academic conferences, and hands-on activities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Example 1-Fields trips&lt;br&gt;In Marseille, I organised a geological outing in the Calanques, the protected rocky coves, which explains the geological history of the region as well and erosion and sedimentation phenomena. The Calanques are made of limestone rocks that were formed by the accumulation of marine organism skeletons at the bottom of a warm sea during the Secondary Era. During the Cretaceous period, the calcareous rocks were pushed to the surface through the tectonic trust and overlapping of the African and European plates. The topography formed (The Provencal and Pyrenean chain and its foothills) undergoes weathering, fractures and distorts under the action of water. The hot rainy periods allow chemical dissolution and facilitates the formation of karstic networks. The periods of glaciation during the quaternary provoke declining water levels and sculpted furthermore the ground thanks to glacial action. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In Eastern Africa, in Djibouti, exceptional field trips were possible with the students&amp;#160; to the sites of the Assal-Goubbhet lake. It is a place like no other, a large depression 150 meters under the sea level.We studied the specific hydrological exchanges which explain the water hypersalinization. We measured the elevated thermal flows of the hot-water springs and linked our findings to tectonic activity. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Example 2 - Lab activity with stromatolites.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Water and the first Life forms.The 3.5 billion year stromatolites are bio-constructed and sedimentary rocks. They bear witness to the presence of life forms in the oceans, cyanobacteria. An exploration of the terrain and a practical session enabled the students to discover the action of these living organisms on the primal atmosphere and grasp the concept of Actualism in Geology. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Example 3 - Conference, field trip, and practical activities on geothermal activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Djibouti aims to become self-sufficient in energy by 2035 thanks to the production of 100% renewable electricity. The country relies on geothermal energy to reach that goal. We therefore studied this theme with the students of the French Highschool. Outings permitted to photograph the hot springs. Rain water infiltrates the ground and heats when in contact with the magma chambers less than 4 km under our feet. Through rock crack cause by earthquakes, the water comes to the surface in the form of steam and concentrates in the hot springs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These examples remind our students of the essential role of water on our planet and its unequal distribution as a source of life, as a factor in the transformation of the landscapes or as a vital energy source. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Spring, Northwest Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Hategekimana ◽  
Theophile Mugerwa ◽  
Cedrick Nsengiyumva ◽  
Digne Rwabuhungu ◽  
Juliet Confiance Kabatesi
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rift System ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
East African Rift System ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Lake Kivu

Abstract Hot spring is a hot water that is naturally occurring on the surface from the underground and typically heated by subterranean volcanic activity and local underground geothermal gradient. There are four main hot springs in Rwanda such as: Kalisimbi, Bugarama, Kinigi and Nyamyumba former name Gisenyi hot springs. This research focused on the geochemical analysis of Nyamyumba hot springs located near the fresh water of Lake Kivu. Nyamyumba hot springs are located in the western branch of the East African Rift System and they are located near Virunga volcanic complex, explaining the rising and heating of water. The concentrations of Sulfate, Iron, Ammonia, Alkalinity, Silica, Phosphate, Salinity, Alkalinity, and Conductivity using standard procedures were measured. The results showed that hot spring water has higher concentrations of chemicals compared to Lake Kivu water and the geochemistry of these hot springs maybe associated with rock dissolution by hot water. The measured parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for recreational waters and it has been identified that Nyamyumba hot spring are safe to use in therapeutic activities (Swimming).

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Characteristics, Quality Assessment and Solute Source Identification of Coal Bearing Fractured Aquifer in Dingji Coal Mine, Huainan Coalfield, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ma ◽  
Jianghong Wang ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Hongbao Dai ◽  
Jingyu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Water Inrush ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Fractured Aquifer ◽  
Huainan Coalfield

Coal-bearing fractured aquifer is regarded as one of the most dynamic mine water inrush sources, and after pumping and treating, it can be used as a water supply for coal mine production, coal preparation plant, rural irrigation, and even reserved drinking water source. Hence, this study focuses on the hydrochemical characteristics, ion source, and water quality evaluation with respect to drinking and irrigation of the coal-bearing fractured aquifer in Dingji coal mine, Huainan coalfield, China. Descriptive statistics and hydrochemical classification diagrams including the Piper diagram and Chadha rectangular diagram were carried out to depict the hydrochemical characteristics and facies. The water quality of the aquifer was assessed for irrigation and drinking purposes using the WHO threshold value, water quality index (WQI), SAR, % Na and RSC. Hydrochemical formation mechanism and solute origin of major ions were explained by Gibbs diagram, bivariate diagrams, and multivariate statistical analysis. The results show that the dominant hydrochemical facies are the Cl-Na type and the HCO3-Na type. The sequence of ions is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ for cations, and HCO3? > Cl- > SO42- > CO32- for anions. The main solute sources are controlled by various factors including the dissolution of halite, sulfate, and carbonate rocks, the weathering of silicate, and cation exchange. Water quality assessment based on WQI suggests that none of the samples fall under the excellent category, even 32.5% is not suitable for direct drinking. Meanwhile, the samples of the aquifer are generally unsuitable for irrigation. Before utilization for irrigation and even drinking, appropriate water treatment should be applied to guarantee its security during usage.

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