Chemically Modified Biosorbents and Their Role in the Removal of Emerging Pharmaceutical Waste in the Water System

Presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) as emerging contaminants in water is a major concern. Recent reports have confirmed the presence of PACs in natural and wastewater systems, which have caused several problems indicating the urgent need for their removal. The current review evaluates the role of chemically modified biosorbents in the removal of PACs in water. Reported biosorbents include plant and animal solid waste, microorganisms and bio-composite. Bio-composites exhibited better prospects when compared with other biosorbents. Types of chemical treatment reported include acid, alkaline, solvent extraction, metal salt impregnation and surface grafting, with alkaline treatment exhibiting better results when compared with other treatments. The biosorption processes mostly obeyed the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model in a process described mainly by ionic interaction. Desorption and regeneration capacity are very important in selecting an appropriate biosorbent for the biosorption process. Depending on the type of biosorbent, the cost of water treatment per million liters of water was estimated as US $10–US $200, which presents biosorption as a cheap process compared to other known water treatment processes. However, there is a need to conduct large-scale studies on the biosorption process for removing PACs in water.

Download Full-text

A NOVEL PROCESS OF WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR LARGE- SCALE PRODUCTIONS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.4592 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Khaled Ali Abuhasel

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Water Purification ◽

Large Scale ◽

Gold Mining ◽

Saline Water ◽

Algae Biomass ◽

Reject Water ◽

Purification System ◽

Biological Water Treatment ◽

The Cost

Purification system has recently gained increasing importance, especially in water treatment systems. Biological water treatment systems with microalgae are now widely accepted. Moreover, algal wastewater treatment systems are effective when compared to conventional treatment systems. The proposed purification system aims to provide a process for using saline water, and saline reject water produced in water purification for gold mining production. Also, it provides a method for growing and harvesting algae utilizing saline water as growth medium for recycling waste water to extract the remaining metals from it. This trend of purification system using harvested algae has various applications, and may be used in wide aspects including, but not limited to, algae biomass production to extract metals, and reducing the cost of gold mining production.

Download Full-text

“Mega–ton Water System” as FIRST Program–Large Scale Water Treatment System for 21st Century –

MEMBRANE ◽

10.5360/membrane.40.52 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 52-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Masaru Kurihara ◽

Hiromu Takeuchi

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

21St Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Water System ◽

Treatment System ◽

Water Treatment System

Download Full-text

Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2000.0001 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 151 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephan Wild-Eck ◽

Willi Zimmermann

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Forest Policy ◽

Forest Economics ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Swiss Confederation ◽

Institute Of Technology ◽

The Cost ◽

Near Future ◽

Opinion Polls

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.

Download Full-text

Innovating Down the Cost Curve by Trial and Adoption of Successive Innovations on a Large Scale, Specialist Grain Enterprise in Western Australia

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3474142 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bradley Plunkett

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cost Curve ◽

The Cost

Download Full-text

Stirring and aeration system for the upgrading of small waste water treatment plants

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0600 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 149-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marcus Höfken ◽

Katharina Zähringer ◽

Franz Bischof

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Large Scale ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Waste Water Treatment Plants ◽

Basic Fluid ◽

Aeration System ◽

Technical Realization ◽

Wide Range

A novel agitating system has been developed which allows for individual or combined operation of stirring and aeration processes. Basic fluid mechanical considerations led to the innovative hyperboloid design of the stirrer body, which ensures high efficiencies in the stirring and the aeration mode, gentle circulation with low shear forces, excellent controllability, and a wide range of applications. This paper presents the basic considerations which led to the operating principle, the technical realization of the system and experimental results in a large-scale plant. The characteristics of the system and the differences to other stirring and aeration systems are illustrated. Details of the technical realization are shown, which conform to the specific demands of applications in the biological treatment of waste water. Special regard is given to applications in the upgrading of small compact waste water treatment plants.

Download Full-text

Design, Operating Results and Experiences of Two Large-Scale Treatment Plants with Biological Nitrogen and Phosphate Elimination

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0499 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 25 (4-5) ◽

pp. 225-232

Author(s):

C. F. Seyfried ◽

P. Hartwig

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Large Scale ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽

Main Stream ◽

Side Stream ◽

Biological Nitrogen

This is a report on the design and operating results of two waste water treatment plants which make use of biological nitrogen and phosphate elimination. Both plants are characterized by load situations that are unfavourable for biological P elimination. The influent of the HILDESHEIM WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT contains nitrates and little BOD5. Use of the ISAH process ensures the optimum exploitation of the easily degradable substrate for the redissolution of phosphates. Over 70 % phosphate elimination and effluent concentrations of 1.3 mg PO4-P/I have been achieved. Due to severe seasonal fluctuations in loading the activated sludge plant of the HUSUM WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT has to be operated in the stabilization range (F/M ≤ 0.05 kg/(kg·d)) in order not to infringe the required effluent values of 3.9 mg NH4-N/l (2-h-average). The production of surplus sludge is at times too small to allow biological phosphate elimination to be effected in the main stream process. The CISAH (Combined ISAH) process is a combination of the fullstream with the side stream process. It is used in order to achieve the optimum exploitation of biological phosphate elimination by the precipitation of a stripped side stream with a high phosphate content when necessary.

Download Full-text

Waste minimization program in Shuaiba Industrial Area

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0669 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 39 (10-11) ◽

pp. 289-295

Author(s):

Saleh Al-Muzaini

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Power Plants ◽

Large Scale ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Waste Minimization ◽

Regulatory Body ◽

Eastern Sector ◽

Western Sector ◽

Petroleum Companies ◽

The Cost

The Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA) is located about 50 km south of Kuwait City. It accommodates most of the large-scale industries in Kuwait. The total area of the SIA (both eastern and western sectors) is about 22.98 million m2. Fifteen plants are located in the eastern sector and 23 in the western sector, including two petrochemical companies, three refineries, two power plants, a melamine company, an industrial gas corporation, a paper products company and, two steam electricity generating stations, in addition to several other industries. Therefore, only 30 percent of the land in the SIA's eastern sector and 70 percent of land in the SIA's western sector is available for future expansion. Presently, industries in the SIA generate approximately 204,000 t of solid waste. With future development in the industries in the SIA, the estimated quantities will reach 240,000 t. The Shuaiba Area Authority (SAA), a governmental regulatory body responsible for planning and development in the SIA, has recognized the problem of solid waste and has developed an industrial waste minimization program. This program would help to reduce the quantity of waste generated within the SIA and thereby reduce the cost of waste management. This paper presents a description of the waste minimization program and how it is to be implemented by major petroleum companies. The protocols employed in the waste minimization program are detailed.

Download Full-text

Modernization of Water Treatment System at Agricultural Enterprises Due to Introduction of Solar Energy

Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK ◽

10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-142-147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 142-147

Author(s):

Alina A. Aleksandrova ◽

Maksim S. Zhuzhin ◽

Yuliya M. Dulepova

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Solar Water Heater ◽

Water Heater ◽

Agricultural Enterprises ◽

Solar Water ◽

The Cost

Energy saving today is an integral part of the development strategy of agricultural organizations. Considerable attention is paid to the modernization and automation of technological processes in agricultural enterprises, which can improve the quality of work and reduce the cost of production. The direction of modernization is to reduce the consumption of electric energy by improving the water treatment system in livestock complexes. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to determine the potential of solar energy used in the Nizhny Novgorod region and to determine the possibility of its use for water heating in livestock complexes and to consider the cost-effectiveness of using a device to heat water through solar energy. (Materials and methods) Authors used an improved algorithm of Pixer and Laszlo, applied in the NASA project «Surface meteorology and Energy», which allows to calculate the optimal angle of inclination of the device for heating water. (Results and discussion) Designed a mock-up of a livestock complex with a solar water heater installed on the roof, protected by patent for invention No. 2672656. A mathematical model was designed experimentally to predict the results of the plant operation in non-described modes. (Conclusions) The article reveales the optimal capacity of the circulation pump. Authors have created a mathematical model of the device that allows to predict the water heating in a certain period of time. The article presents the calculations on the energy and economic efficiency of using a solar water heater. An electric energy saving of about 30 percent, in the economic equivalent of 35 percent.

Download Full-text