scholarly journals Influence of Butterfly and Gate Valves Upstream Large Water Meters

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2563
Author(s):  
Iñigo Albaina ◽  
Francisco J. Arregui ◽  
César Bidaguren-Alday ◽  
Iñigo Bidaguren
Keyword(s):  
Financial Impact ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Flow Disturbance ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Water Meters

The research presented was conducted to quantify the effects of butterfly and gate valves located upstream water meters with diameters larger than 50 mm. Errors caused by these valves can have an enormous financial impact taking into consideration that a small percentage of variation in the error of a large meter is typically related to a significant volume of water. The uncertainty on the economic impact that a valve installed upstream of a medium size water meter leads to many water utilities to oversize the meter chambers in order to mitigate the potential negative errors. Most manufacturers approve their meters for a specific flow disturbance sensitivity class according to the standard ISO 4064-1:2018. Under this classification, a correct operation of the meters requires a certain length of straight section of pipe upstream the meter. However, this classification of the meters cannot consider all types of flow perturbances. For this study, two types of valves, butterfly and gate, were tested upstream ten brand-new water meters from six different manufacturers constructed in four different metering technologies: single-jet, Woltmann, electromagnetic and ultrasonic. In each meter unit was tested at five flow rates, from minimum to the overload flow rates. The tests were conducted with valves set in different orientations, closing degrees, and upstream distances from the water meters under study. The research shows that the valves used can produce significant deviations in the measuring errors with respect the errors found for undistorted working conditions.

scholarly journals Metrological performance of single-jet water meters over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Carmen Virginia Palau ◽  
Juan Manzano ◽  
Iban Balbastre Peralta ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
Guilherme Vieira do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metrological Operation ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Over Time

To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

Structure-function relationships in the primate superior colliculus. I. Morphological classification of efferent neurons

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Moschovakis ◽  
A. B. Karabelas ◽  
S. M. Highstein
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cerebral Peduncle ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Morphological Classification ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Efferent Neurons ◽  
Recurrent Collaterals ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of anesthetized paralyzed squirrel monkeys were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to establish a morphological classification of tectal efferent neurons in this species. These neurons were physiologically identified by their antidromic responses following stimulation of the contralateral predorsal bundle or SC. These cells also responded with postsynaptic potentials to stimulation of the ipsilateral substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle and the contralateral tectum. 2. Quantitative light microscopic analysis of the somatodendritic profiles and axonal trajectories of 27 recovered cells revealed the existence of three major groups of tectal efferent neurons: L (n = 7), X (n = 8), and T (n = 12). 3. L neurons are small or medium size cells with relatively elaborate dendritic trees and are located mainly in the superficial layers of the SC. They participate in the ipsilateral descending and dorsal ascending tectofugal bundles. Intrinsic collaterals of L axons deploy a large number of boutons both near the parent cell body and more ventrally within the deeper tectal layers. 4. X neurons are mostly large in size and multipolar in shape with relatively complex dendritic trees. Their cell bodies are situated mainly in the stratum griseum intermedium and occasionally in the stratum opticum. Axons of X neurons participate in the crossed descending and ipsilateral ventral ascending projections of the SC. In addition, the axonal system of about half of the X neurons includes recurrent collaterals. 5. T neurons are located mainly in the ventral stratum opticum and the dorsal stratum griseum intermedium. They have small or medium-sized, trapezoid or ovoid cell bodies and relatively simple radiating or vertical dendritic trees. Their axons usually participate in two of the major tectofugal bundles besides providing a commissural component and recurrent collaterals. 6. Morphological details revealed in the present study support the notion that distinct tectofugal axonal systems originate from efferent neurons of the primate SC that differ both as to their location in the tectum as well as the appearance of their somata and dendritic trees. The resulting morphological classification of tectal efferent cells provides a framework for the analysis of tectal function in terms of populations of identified neurons.

scholarly journals Unveiling COVID-19 from CHEST X-Ray with Deep Learning: A Hurdles Race with Small Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo Tartaglione ◽  
Carlo Alberto Barbano ◽  
Claudio Berzovini ◽  
Marco Calandri ◽  
Marco Grangetto
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Data ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Statistical Results

The possibility to use widespread and simple chest X-ray (CXR) imaging for early screening of COVID-19 patients is attracting much interest from both the clinical and the AI community. In this study we provide insights and also raise warnings on what is reasonable to expect by applying deep learning to COVID classification of CXR images. We provide a methodological guide and critical reading of an extensive set of statistical results that can be obtained using currently available datasets. In particular, we take the challenge posed by current small size COVID data and show how significant can be the bias introduced by transfer-learning using larger public non-COVID CXR datasets. We also contribute by providing results on a medium size COVID CXR dataset, just collected by one of the major emergency hospitals in Northern Italy during the peak of the COVID pandemic. These novel data allow us to contribute to validate the generalization capacity of preliminary results circulating in the scientific community. Our conclusions shed some light into the possibility to effectively discriminate COVID using CXR.

scholarly journals Boiling Heat Transfer From an Array of Round Jets With Hybrid Surface Enhancements

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Rau ◽  
Suresh V. Garimella ◽  
Ercan M. Dede ◽  
Shailesh N. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Microporous Layer ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pin Fin ◽  
Pin Fins ◽  
Single Jet

The effect of a variety of surface enhancements on the heat transfer achieved with an array of impinging jets is experimentally investigated using the dielectric fluid HFE-7100 at different volumetric flow rates. The performance of a 5 × 5 array of jets, each 0.75 mm in diameter, is compared to that of a single 3.75 mm diameter jet with the same total open orifice area, in single-and two-phase operation. Four different target copper surfaces are evaluated: a baseline smooth flat surface, a flat surface coated with a microporous layer, a surface with macroscale area enhancement (extended square pin–fins), and a hybrid surface on which the pin–fins are coated with the microporous layer; area-averaged heat transfer and pressure drop measurements are reported. The array of jets enhances the single-phase heat transfer coefficients by 1.13–1.29 times and extends the critical heat flux (CHF) on all surfaces compared to the single jet at the same volumetric flow rates. Additionally, the array greatly enhances the heat flux dissipation capability of the hybrid coated pin–fin surface, extending CHF by 1.89–2.33 times compared to the single jet on this surface, with a minimal increase in pressure drop. The jet array coupled with the hybrid enhancement dissipates a maximum heat flux of 205.8 W/cm2 (heat input of 1.33 kW) at a flow rate of 1800 ml/min (corresponding to a jet diameter-based Reynolds number of 7800) with a pressure drop incurred of only 10.9 kPa. Compared to the single jet impinging on the smooth flat surface, the array of jets on the coated pin–fin enhanced surface increased CHF by a factor of over four at all flow rates.

Specific flow method for measuring the flow rates of components

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1357-1361
Author(s):  
S. I. Kirpatovskii
Keyword(s):  
Specific Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Flow Method

scholarly journals Accuracy of single-jet and multi-jet water meters under the influence of the filling process in intermittently operated pipe networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Walter ◽  
Miran Mastaller ◽  
Philipp Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Pipe Network ◽  
Filling Process ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In many areas of the world water distribution systems are operated intermittently. The alternate filling and emptying of the pipe network leads to effects, which have negative impacts on water meter accuracy. For example, air that is present in the pipe network due to the emptying process must exit the network during the subsequent filling process. A part of this air is discharged through service connections and, thus, through water meters. In this paper, a study is presented in which the measurement error of single-jet and multi-jet water meters due to the filling process of an empty pipe is investigated experimentally. From the start of air flow to the steady-state flow of water, several causes of measurement errors can be distinguished, such as pure air flow, the impact of the water front on the impeller, the existence of two-phase flow or unsteady flow conditions. For both meter types, it has been discovered that the measurement error is mainly caused by the air flow. The experimental results show that up to 93% of the air volume in the pipe is registered by the water meters. Based on these results, an approach for estimating the measurement error for both meter types is presented.

scholarly journals CNNs for enhanced background discrimination in DSNB searches in large-scale water-Gd detectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (11) ◽  
pp. 051
Author(s):  
D. Maksimović ◽  
M. Nieslony ◽  
M. Wurm
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Atmospheric Neutrinos ◽  
Observation Window ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Supernova Neutrino ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Water Cherenkov Detectors

Abstract Gadolinium-loading of large water Cherenkov detectors is a prime method for the detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB). While the enhanced neutron tagging capability greatly reduces single-event backgrounds, correlated events mimicking the IBD coincidence signature remain a potentially harmful background. Neutral-Current (NC) interactions of atmospheric neutrinos potentially dominate the DSNB signal especially in the low-energy range of the observation window that reaches from about 12 to 30 MeV. The present paper investigates a novel method for the discrimination of this background. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) offer the possibility for a direct analysis and classification of the PMT hit patterns of the prompt events. Based on the events generated in a simplified SuperKamiokande-like detector setup, we find that a trained CNN can maintain a signal efficiency of 96% while reducing the residual NC background to 2% of the original rate. Comparing to recent predictions of the DSNB signal and measurements of the NC background levels in Super-Kamiokande, the corresponding signal-to-background ratio is about 4:1, providing excellent conditions for a DSNB discovery.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF ACETIC AND PROPANOIC ACIDS CONCENTRATION IN NIGERIAN KEROSENE

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
KAYODE ADEGUN ISAAC ◽  
ADEDAMOLA ADESOYE OLUWATOSIN ◽  
SELIA IYAGBA ADIO-YUSUF ◽  
ADEBOLA ADETORO DAVID
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Extraction Unit ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Different Sources

<p>The paper aims to determine acetic and propanoic acid concentrations in some selected samples of kerosene used in Nigeria. The Armfield Liquid-Liquid Extraction Unit was employed to carry out the study. Distilled water and kerosene samples from five different sources were used for the investigation. The parameters taken into consideration during the course of the experiments were time, thermal conductivity, temperature, flow rates and concentration of the acid. It was deduced from the research that the temperature and the conductivity decreased with significant decrease in concentration of the acid and vice versa. The results gotten from the extraction of the kerosene samples also showed that sample A, sample D, and sample E did not contain acetic acid while sample B and sample C had traces of acetic acid, with sample C having traces of propanoic acid. After comparing the values with the standard classification of acetic acid, it was discovered that the concentration of both acetic and propanoic acid in the samples were not significantly sufficient to harm human beings.</p>

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF ACETIC AND PROPANOIC ACIDS CONCENTRATION IN NIGERIAN KEROSENE

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
ISAAC KAYODE ADEGUN ◽  
OLUWATOSIN ADEDAMOLA ADESOYE ◽  
ADIO-YUSUF SELIA IYAGBA ◽  
DAVID ADEBOLA ADETORO
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Extraction Unit ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Different Sources

The paper aims to determine acetic and propanoic acid concentrations in some selected samples of kerosene used in Nigeria. The Armfield Liquid-Liquid Extraction Unit was employed to carry out the study. Distilled water and kerosene samples from five different sources were used for the investigation. The parameters taken into consideration during the course of the experiments were time, thermal conductivity, temperature, flow rates and concentration of the acid. It was deduced from the research that the temperature and the conductivity decreased with significant decrease in concentration of the acid and vice versa. The results gotten from the extraction of the kerosene samples also showed that sample A, sample D, and sample E did not contain acetic acid while sample B and sample C had traces of acetic acid, with sample C having traces of propanoic acid. After comparing the values with the standard classification of acetic acid, it was discovered that the concentration of both acetic and propanoic acid in the samples were not significantly sufficient to harm human beings.

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