scholarly journals Emergy Analysis and Ecological Spillover as Tools to Quantify Ecological Compensation in Xuchang City, Qingyi River Basin, China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Huiqin Li ◽  
Cuimei Lv ◽  
Minhua Ling ◽  
Changkuan Gu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Emergy Analysis ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Freshwater Resources ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Complex Relationships

As an effective means to coordinate cost–benefit allocation of ecological protection between upstream and downstream cities, ecological compensation is often used to improve collaborative basin-wide freshwater resources management. Yet, due to the complex relationships between upstream and downstream ecosystem services, calculating eco-compensation is not an easy task. We used ecological spillover (the amount of local ecosystem services not used in the region and thus flows to downstream areas) and emergy analysis to determine the amount of eco-compensation that the city of Xuchang should pay to the upstream city of Xinzheng (Qingyi River Basin, China) from 2010 to 2014. Eco-compensation was determined by deducting the emergy of the local, self-supplied ecosystem services of Xuchang City, calculated using an ecological-water-footprint-based analysis, from the emergy of the total ecosystem services used in Xuchang, and monetized accordingly. The results showed that the self-supplied ecosystem services decreased from 2010 to 2014 and, thus, Xuchang relied more on the ecological spillover services flowing from Xinzheng. As a result, eco-compensation increased from 990 million Chinese Yuan (¥) in 2010 to ¥509 billion in 2014, mostly due to increased demands for water purification and reduced precipitation around Xuchang. This method can be further enhanced by introducing larger datasets and can be replicated elsewhere to accurately determine ecological compensation, ensuring basin-wide collaboration towards the sustainable management of freshwater resources.

scholarly journals A Developed Framework for the Multi-District Ecological Compensation Standards Integrating Ecosystem Service Zoning in an Urban Area in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4876
Author(s):  
Jia He ◽  
Yu Wan ◽  
Zhonglin Tang ◽  
Xiaodong Zhu ◽  
Chuanhao Wen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
The Future

Ecological compensation is an effective means to adjust relationships among stakeholders in order to conserve and/or sustainably use ecosystem services. The current ecological compensation standards (ECS) do not well reflect the differences in ecological, social, and economic development. Thus, we took a typical urbanization area (the Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou region) in China as an example, because of its prominent contradiction between rapid socio-economic development and fragile ecosystem. Combined with the ecological, economic, and social conditions, the methods of ecosystem service value (ESV) evaluation, cluster analysis, and scenario analysis were used to propose an optimized spatial zoning method and optimal development scenario. Then, the ECS by different zones were determined by using ESV assessment, cost-benefit analysis, and contingent valuation method. The results showed that (1) the regions were divided into two categories, with a total of four zones: ESV output areas (synergetic development zones (SDZ) and ecological conservation zones (ECZ)) and ESV input areas (ecological degradation zones (EDegZ) and economic development zones (EDevZ)); (2) among five scenarios, the best development mode in the future was the protection and development scenario, which was consistent with the existing planning; and (3) the ECS for the SDZ should be paid about 1.94 billion Yuan/year, the ECZ should be paid about 0.80 billion Yuan/year, the ECS for the EDegZ should pay about 2.20–2.25 million Yuan/year, and the EDevZ should pay about 0.06–7.33 million Yuan/year. By feasibility analysis, the ESV input areas were fully capable of inter-regional compensation, which could promote the effective purchase of ecological services. The developed evaluation framework of ECS in this study can accurately provide a scientific basis for the determination of ecological compensation regulations and policies in the future.

scholarly journals Analyzing Macro-Level Ecological Change and Micro-Level Farmer Behavior in Manas River Basin, China

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Liao ◽  
Xinchen Gu ◽  
Yuejian Wang ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Zili Fan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Manas River Basin

Environmental degradation is closely related to unreasonable land use behaviors by farmers. In this study, participatory rural assessment (PRA) is used to conduct a detailed survey of farmers and plots and to collect relevant natural and social statistics. The accuracy of remote sensing data is verified by comparative analysis, and the change in status of various land use types in each research period is reflected by the change in the dynamic degree and change in range. We examine how farmers’ attitudes and behaviors affect environmental degradation, using a sample of 403 farmers in China’s Manas River Basin. Due to age, education, income and other differences, farmers’ land use behaviors, as well as their attitude toward and feelings about environmental degradation, vary greatly. We found that most farmers considered the environment to be very important to their lives and crop production, but nearly 21% did not know the causes of environmental degradation and nearly 8% did not consider the environmental impacts of their crop production activities. A new model for oasis expansion—land integration—is presented here. This model can increase the area of cultivated land, reduce cultivated land fragmentation, save irrigation water, improve the field microclimate and form a good ecological cycle. Through land transfer, ecological compensation and ecological protection incentives, the government should guide farmers’ land use behaviors toward cooperation with the river basin’s ecological protection and land use planning.

scholarly journals A Framework for Ecological Compensation Assessment: A Case Study in the Upper Hun River Basin, Northeast China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Jiang ◽  
Yuyu Liu ◽  
Ranhang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Watershed Development ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Hun River ◽  
Programming Techniques ◽  
Allocation Costs

With the rapid socio-economic development, human disturbances are believed to have resulted in the degradation of the watershed ecosystem. The ecological damage to and environmental pollution of river basins have caused great losses. It is widely agreed upon that the protection and restoration of river ecosystems should be on the agenda. Ecological compensation, an important tool to prevent the deterioration of water environments and achieve sustainable watershed development, has attracted increasing interest as a research subject. In this study, the upper reach of Hun River basin was selected as a typical study area. The primary purpose was to determine the allocation costs of ecological compensation in different regions for the river basin. The amount of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the eco-compensation was estimated at 3.2 million dollars by the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Based on linear programming techniques, a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) created a primary value of the allocation costs. Considering the different weights of each region, a modified coefficient was introduced to correct the primary result on the basis of a questionnaire survey of river ecological protection and construction.

Shang dynasty bronzes and society in southern China: an illustration of complexity and diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Jingsong Shi
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Shang Dynasty ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Xiangjiang River ◽  
Early States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Ganjiang River Basin

AbstractThe production and use of bronzes had significant influences on the social developments even the formation of the early states. However, in different areas, the bronzes played different roles. By observing the different characteristics of the bronzes in the Central Plains, the Ganjiang River basin, the Xiangjiang River basin, and the Chengdu Plains, various developments of societies can be revealed. The case studies of these areas can further explain the complex relationships between the bronzes and their societies, as well as the diversity of the patterns of the developments of the ancient societies.

The cost–benefit evaluation based on ecosystem services under different ecological restoration scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingqi Li ◽  
Shiliang Liu ◽  
Yixuan Liu ◽  
Yongxiu Sun ◽  
Fangfang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Evaluation ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Effects of Value Perception, Environmental Regulation and Their Interaction on the Improvement of Herdsmen’s Grassland Ecological Policy Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3078
Author(s):  
Mingyue Li ◽  
Pujie Zhao ◽  
Lianbei Wu ◽  
Kai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Incentive Regulation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Value Perception ◽  
Environmental Value ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Ecological Conservation

Sustainable utilization of grassland resources was an important topic concerned by worldwide countries and regions, and ecological compensation had gradually become the main policy tool for grassland environmental management and ecological protection. This study adopted face-to-face interviews and questionnaires, and multiordered Logit model was then used to explore herdsmen’s satisfaction with Grassland Ecological Conservation Subsidy and Reward Policy (GECSRP) focusing on identifying the key factors behind it. Results showed that herdsmen were not satisfied with GECSRP on the whole, while value perception, environmental regulation and their interaction played a positive role on improving the satisfaction. Specifically, economic benefits had the strongest promotion impacts, followed by social identity in the two-dimensional variables of value perception. The guiding regulation had stronger promoting impacts, followed by the incentive regulation in the two-dimensional variables of environmental regulation. Interestingly, incentive regulation played an enhanced interaction on the influence of economic benefits and environmental value on herdsmen’s satisfaction, yet the interaction between guiding regulation and environmental value was not significant. These indicated that herdsmen paid more attention to substantial subsidies and rewards in the process of ecological livestock husbandry, and environmental regulation formulated by government had a phenomenon of “relative system failure”. Thus, the grassland ecological environment policy should be further adjusted and improved to promote the economic development of pastoral areas.

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