scholarly journals Evolution of Surface Drainage Network for Spoil Heaps under Simulated Rainfall

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3475
Author(s):  
Dongkai Chen ◽  
Jiaorong Lv ◽  
Han Luo ◽  
Yongsheng Xie
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Spoil Heap ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Spoil Heaps

Spoil heaps laid from the infrastructure building sites or the mining sites are confoundedly prone to accelerated soil erosion and inducing debris flows on extreme rainfall occasion, thus threatening water quality and personal safety. In present study, the roughness and drainage network evolution of the loess spoil heap (a 33° slope gradient) were investigated via indoor simulation experiment under three rainfall intensities (60, 90, and 120 mm/h). A detailed scan of the slope using laser scanner, topographic analysis based on ArcGIS software, and statistical analyses were the main methods utilized in the study. The results showed that surface roughness increased with cumulative rainfall. For three rainfall intensity treatments, the proneness of shallow landslide under 90 mm/h intensity resulted in the largest roughness. The drainage density and stream frequency of the spoil heap slope both decreased with cumulative rainfall and negatively correlated with surface roughness, which indicated the convergence of the drainage network. Meanwhile, the individual flow paths presented an increasing sinuosity and a decreasing gradient with cumulative rainfall. However, drainage network features varied in a less marked degree during different rainfall intensities, showing comparable fractal dimensions of 1.350–1.454, 1.305–1.459, and 1.292–1.455 for the three rainfall intensities. Evaluating the response of four hydrodynamic characteristics of runoff to the drainage network evolution, stream power was found to be most sensitive. The linearity of the relationships between stream power and drainage density and that between stream sinuosity and gradient were estimated to have R2 between 0.961 and 0.979.

scholarly journals DRAINAGE NETWORK EVOLUTION OF THE PORTAIKOS RIVER (THESSALY)

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Ι. Βρουχάκης ◽  
Κ. Βουβαλίδης ◽  
Α. Σφέικος ◽  
Σ. Μαργώνη
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
River Drainage ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Pinios River ◽  
The One ◽  
River Drainage Basin

Portaikos river is a tributary of Pinios River located in Thessaly. It drains the southern part of Thessaly basin, and specifically the south part of the district of Tricala. This region is located at the border with the district of Karditsa. Portaikos River drainage basin covers an area of 294 km2, which is 2.8 % of the total drainage basin of Pinios River. The direction of Portaikos river drainage basin extends from SW-NE. The evolution of Portaikos River drainage network presents some specific morphometric features. Its analysis required the use of digital data, which were analyzed with G.I.S. software. During the study of the drainage network with the laws of drainage composition, we found a certain deviation of the 4t h and 5t h order streams. Geology has influenced significantly the estimated values of drainage density and frequency of the sub-basins. In some specific areas previous hydrographie features are inherited by the underlying rocks, which constitute the current surface morphology. The analysis of the rose diagrams of the tributaries showed a clear tendency in two main directions. The one extends from NE-SW and the other from NW-SE, almost vertical to each other. To conclude, the hypsometric (area altitude) analysis revealed that Portaikos River drainage network has developed upon a landmass of the western tectonic border of Thessaly basin.

scholarly journals Erosion Process and Temporal Variations in the Soil Surface Roughness of Spoil Heaps under Multi-Day Rainfall Simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2192
Author(s):  
Jiaorong Lv ◽  
Yongsheng Xie ◽  
Han Luo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Spoil Heap ◽  
Soil Surface Roughness ◽  
Spoil Heaps

The extensive artificially accelerated erosion of spoil heaps on newly engineered landforms is a key ecological management point requiring better understanding. Soil surface roughness is a crucial factor influencing erosion processes; however, study on spoil heap erosion with a view of surface roughness is lacking. This study investigated the erosion processes and the spatiotemporal variation of surface roughness on spoil heaps, and then, analyzed how the roughness affected the hydrological and sediment yield characteristics. Sequences of four artificial rainstorms with constant rainfall intensity (90 mm/h) were applied to cone-shaped spoil heaps (ground radius 3.5 m, height 2.3 m) of a loess soil containing 30 mass percent rock fragments. The surface elevation was sampled by a laser scanner. For the surface roughness indicators, the root mean square height (rmsh) and the correlation length (cl) increased sharply during the first rainfall event, and in the last three rainfall events, rmsh increased slightly and cl showed a relative decrease. The initial rmsh/cl of the whole slope surface ranged from 0.063 to 0.135, and increased with the rainfall sequence, thus, indicating that the spoil heap surface became rougher. Increasing soil roughness in the rainfall sequence delayed the initial runoff time and increased the runoff yield. The average runoff coefficient of the spoil heaps was 0.658. The average erosion rate of each rainfall event can be simulated by a regression equation of the corresponding average runoff rate and median cl (R-square of 0.816). Soil slumping with an average volume of 0.014 m3 occurred in the first two rainfall events, thus, significantly changing the roughness and peak instant erosion rate. Together, the results revealed the effects of surface roughness on the erosion of spoil heaps and would provide a useful reference for soil loss prediction and control.

Estimation of streams order according to strahler classification system using GIS. Case study: streams of the Republic of Moldova

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Jeleapov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Classification System ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Rivers And Streams ◽  
The Republic

The paper contains the results of classification of rivers and streams of the Republic of Moldova according to classic Strahler method. Mentioned method was applied to estimate the hierarchical rank of the stream segments situated in 50 pilot basins using modern GIS techniques and drainage network of the GIS for Water Resources of Moldova. It was estimated that the maximal order of segments is 7 specific for the Raut and Ialpug rivers. Overall, length of 1st order streams forms 50%, while that of 7th order streams - < 1%. Additionally, stream number and frequency as well as drainage density were calculated for pilot river basins.

scholarly journals Longitudinal to transverse drainage network evolution in the High Atlas (Morocco): The role of tectonics

Tectonics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Babault ◽  
Jean Van Den Driessche ◽  
Antonio Teixell
Keyword(s):  
Network Evolution ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
High Atlas

Impact of tectonics on drainage network evolution of Suru basin, Kargil N/w Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsan Afzal Wani ◽  
Bikram Singh Bali ◽  
G. R. Bhat ◽  
Nasir Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Network Evolution ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir

scholarly journals Combining Satellite Multispectral Imagery and Topographic Data for the Detection and Mapping of Fluvial Avulsion Processes in Lowland Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Iacobucci ◽  
Francesco Troiani ◽  
Salvatore Milli ◽  
Paolo Mazzanti ◽  
Daniela Piacentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Multispectral Imagery ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques

Fluvial avulsion is an important process in the dynamics of the riverscapes and plays a key role in the drainage network evolution in lowland areas, also influencing past and present social processes and economic activities. Crevasse splays represent significant geomorphological features for understanding the fluvial morphodynamics in lowland areas dominated by avulsion processes. Within wide floodplains characterized by very low elevation ranges, the detection and accurate mapping of crevasse splay morphology and features, such as crevasse channels, levees, and deposit, can be very challenging considering floodplain extension, anthropic impact on the natural channels network, logistic difficulties, and in some cases, climate conditions that prevent field work. This research aims at improving the detection and mapping of crevasse splays in lowland areas through the combination of different remote sensing techniques based on optical multispectral imagery and topographic data derived from satellite earth observation missions. The Lower Mesopotamia Plain (LMP) offers a unique opportunity to study the avulsion processes because it presents numerous examples of crevasse splays, characterized by different sizes and states of activity. Furthermore, in this area, a strong correlation exists between the formation and development of crevasse splays and the expansion of agriculture and early societies since the Early Holocene. Different supervised classification (SC) methods of Landsat 8 satellite images have been tested together with topographic analysis of the microrelief, carried out based on two different 1-arcsec DEMs (AW3D30 and GDEM2). The results of this study demonstrate that the combination of multispectral imagery analysis and topographic analysis of the microrelief is useful for discerning different crevasse elements, distinguishing between active and relict landforms. The methodological approach proved helpful for improving the mapping of erosional and depositional landforms generated by the avulsion process and, in the study area, provided the best results for the active landforms.

scholarly journals The effects of three micro-catchment practices on erosion and runoff dynamics for a typical soil slope on the Loess Plateau of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liquan Sun ◽  
Shufang Wu ◽  
Robert Lee Hill ◽  
Huili Guo ◽  
Hao Feng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Transition Flow ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Reduction Effect

Three micro-catchment measures that are named fish-scale pits (FSPs), artificial digging (AD), and contour plowing (CP) for soil erosion prevention are widely used in the Loess Plateau. To clarify the effectiveness of these measures in intercepting runoff and reducing erosion and the mechanism of water flow movement, intermittent simulated rainfall events was carried out in the 15° slopes with FSPs, AD, CP, and control slope (CK). The results demonstrated the following. (1) For cumulative rainfall <83 mm, three measures effectively intercepted runoff and reduced sediment compared with the CK. The runoff and sediment reduction effect of three measures gradually disappeared when cumulative rainfall increased to 83, 99, and 108 mm, and the sediment generation of the three measures successively exceeded that of the CK and was more than two times higher. (2) Laminar or transition flow occurred for the CK, and the flow pattern changed from subcritical to supercritical at 101 mm of cumulative rainfall. For three measures, the flow patterns became turbulent within a short time but remained subcritical. (3) A correlation analysis showed that the soil detachment rate, hydraulic shear stress, and stream power in the micro-catchment measures can be described using linear functions, which reduced the rill erodibility and enhanced the soil’s resistance to concentrated flow erosion. This research has important guiding significance on the rational and effective implementation of micro-catchment practices to prevent severe soil erosion and increase water storage for crop production on the Loess Plateau of China.

scholarly journals Scale-Optimized Surface Roughness for Topographic Analysis

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Lindsay ◽  
Daniel R. Newman ◽  
Anthony Francioni
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Locally Adaptive ◽  
Elevation Model

Surface roughness is a terrain parameter that has been widely applied to the study of geomorphological processes. One of the main challenges in studying roughness is its highly scale-dependent nature. Determining appropriate mapping scales in topographically heterogenous landscapes can be difficult. A method is presented for estimating multiscale surface roughness based on the standard deviation of surface normals. This method utilizes scale partitioning and integral image processing to isolate scales of surface complexity. The computational efficiency of the method enables high scale sampling density and identification of maximum roughness for each grid cell in a digital elevation model (DEM). The approach was applied to a 0.5 m resolution LiDAR DEM of a 210 km2 area near Brantford, Canada. The case study demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in roughness properties. At shorter scales, tillage patterns and other micro-topography associated with ground beneath forest cover dominated roughness scale signatures. Extensive agricultural land-use resulted in 35.6% of the site exhibiting maximum roughness at micro-topographic scales. At larger spatial scales, rolling morainal topography and fluvial landforms, including incised channels and meander cut banks, were associated with maximum surface roughness. This method allowed for roughness mapping at spatial scales that are locally adapted to the topographic context of each individual grid cell within a DEM. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significant differences in roughness characteristics among soil texture categories, demonstrating the practical utility of locally adaptive, scale-optimized roughness.

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