scholarly journals Characteristics of the Water Vapor Transport in the Canyon Area of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3620
Author(s):  
Maoshan Li ◽  
Lingzhi Wang ◽  
Na Chang ◽  
Ming Gong ◽  
Yaoming Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Water Vapor Flux ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
Southeastern Tibet

Changes in the surface fluxes cause changes in the annular flow field over a region, and they affect the transport of water vapor. To study the influence of the changes in the surface flux on the water vapor transport in the upper layer in the canyon area of southeastern Tibet, in this study, the water vapor transport characteristics were analyzed using the HYSPLIT_v4 backward trajectory model at Danka and Motuo stations in the canyons in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from November 2018 to October 2019. Then, using ERA-5 reanalysis data from 1989 to 2019 and the characteristics of the high-altitude water vapor transportation, the impact of the surface flux changes on the water vapor transportation was analyzed using singular value decomposition (SVD). The results show that the main sources of the water vapor in the study area were from the west and southwest during the non-Asian monsoon (non-AMS), while there was mainly southwest air flow and a small amount of southeast air flow in the lower layer during the Asian monsoon (AMS) at the stations in southeastern Tibet. The water vapor transmission channel of the westward airflow is higher than 3000 m, and the water vapor transmission channel of the southwestward and southeastward airflow is about 2000 m. The sensible heat and latent heat are negatively correlated with water vapor flux divergence. The southwest boundary of southeastern Tibet is a key area affecting water vapor flux divergence. When the sensible heat and latent heat exhibit downward trends during the non-Asian monsoon season, the eastward water vapor flux exhibits an upward trend. During the Asian monsoon season, when the sensible heat and latent heat in southeastern Tibet increase as a whole, the eastward water vapor flux in the total-column of southeastern Tibet increases.

scholarly journals Ocean Salinity as a Precursor of Summer Rainfall over the East Asian Monsoon Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (17) ◽  
pp. 5659-5676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Chen ◽  
Huiling Qin ◽  
Guixing Chen ◽  
Huijie Xue
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
East Asian Monsoon ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Asian Monsoon Region ◽  
Water Vapor Flux ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
Land Water

Abstract The sea surface salinity (SSS) varies largely as a result of the evaporation–precipitation difference, indicating the source or sink of regional/global water vapor. This study identifies a relationship between the spring SSS in the tropical northwest Pacific (TNWP) and the summer rainfall of the East Asian monsoon region (EAMR) during 1980–2017. Analysis suggests that the SSS–rainfall link involves the coupled ocean–atmosphere–land processes with a multifacet evolution. In spring, evaporation and water vapor flux divergence were enhanced in some years over the TNWP where an anomalous atmospheric anticyclone was established and a high SSS was well observed. As a result, the convergence of water vapor flux and soil moisture over the EAMR was strengthened. This ocean-to-land water vapor transport pattern was sustained from spring to summer and played a leading role in the EAMR rainfall. Moreover, the change in local spring soil moisture helped to amplify the summer rainfall by modifying surface thermal conditions and precipitation systems over the EAMR. As the multifacet evolution is closely related to the large-scale ocean-to-land water vapor transport, it can be well represented by the spring SSS in the TNWP. A random forest regression algorithm was used to further evaluate the relative importance of spring SSS in predicting summer rainfall compared to other climate indices. As the SSS is now monitored routinely by satellite and the global Argo float array, it can serve as a good metric for measuring the water cycle and as a precursor for predicting the EAMR rainfall.

Estimation of the precipitable water and water vapor flux using MAX-DOAS in two typical  cities of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmei Ren ◽  
Ang Li ◽  
Pinhua Xie ◽  
Zhaokun Hu ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Vapor Flux ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
The North ◽  
Two Cities

<p>      Water vapor transport affects regional precipitation and climate change. The measurement of precipitable water and water vapor flux is of great significance to the study of precipitation and water vapor transport. In the study, a new method of computing the precipitable water and estimating the water vapor transport flux using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) were presented. The calculated precipitable water and water vapor flux were compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data and the correlation coefficient of the precipitable water, the zonal and meridional water vapor flux and ECMWF are r≥0.92, r=0.77 and r≥0.89, respectively. The seasonal and diurnal climatologies of precipitable water and water vapor flux in the coastal (Qingdao) and inland (Xi’an) cities of China using this method were analyzed from June 1, 2019 to May 31, 2020. The results indicated that the seasonal and diurnal variation characteristics of the precipitable water in the two cities were similar. The zonal fluxes of the two cities were mainly transported from west to east, Qingdao's meridional flux was mainly transported to the south, and Xi'an was mainly transported to the north. The results also indicated that the water vapor flux transmitting belts appear near 2km and 1.4km above the surface in Qingdao and appeared around 2.8km, 1.6km and 1.0km in Xi'an. </p>

scholarly journals Water vapor transport in cases of South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. e456101321256
Author(s):  
José Felipe Gazel Menezes ◽  
Enilson Palmeira Cavalcanti ◽  
Eduardo da Silva Margalho ◽  
Leticia Karyne da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Matheus Richard Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
South Atlantic Convergence Zone ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
Water Vapor Flux ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
Belo Horizonte

This case study analyzes water vapor flux that is vertically integrated into the atmosphere in episodes of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). The scope of this study is two cases that occurred between January and February 2018. We use the ERA-Interim reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to build the maps of vertically integrated water vapor flux and its divergence. We use two 5º by 5º sub-areas, centralized over Belo Horizonte and São Paulo, as control for water vapor balance. The results point to the existence of water vapor transport from the Amazon region to Southeastern Brazil in association to the SACZ. Convergence areas of vertically integrated water vapor flux predominate along the Northwest-Southeast line. The two cases over the Belo Horizonte area presented an average of water vapor balance of -1.8 and -12.9 mm/day. The average at the São Paulo area was -3.6 and 2.0 mm/day. The negative values indicate that precipitation exceeded evapotranspiration, that is, the area served as a water vapor sink.

scholarly journals Rapid Cyclogenesis from a Mesoscale Frontal Wave on an Atmospheric River: Impacts on Forecast Skill and Predictability during Atmospheric River Landfall

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1779-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Martin ◽  
F. Martin Ralph ◽  
Anna Wilson ◽  
Laurel DeHaan ◽  
Brian Kawzenuk
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Forecast Skill ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Forecast Uncertainty ◽  
Water Vapor Flux ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
Frontal Wave ◽  
Atmospheric River

Abstract Mesoscale frontal waves have the potential to modify the hydrometeorological impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs). The small scale and rapid growth of these waves pose significant forecast challenges. We examined a frontal wave that developed a secondary cyclone during the landfall of an extreme AR in Northern California. We document rapid changes in significant storm features including integrated vapor transport and precipitation and connect these to high forecast uncertainty at 1–4-days’ lead time. We also analyze the skill of the Global Ensemble Forecast System in predicting secondary cyclogenesis and relate secondary cyclogenesis prediction skill to forecasts of AR intensity, AR duration, and upslope water vapor flux in the orographic controlling layer. Leveraging a measure of reference accuracy designed for cyclogenesis, we found forecasts were only able to skillfully predict secondary cyclogenesis for lead times less than 36 h. Forecast skill in predicting the large-scale pressure pattern and integrated vapor transport was lost by 96-h lead time. For lead times longer than 36 h, the failure to predict secondary cyclogenesis led to significant uncertainty in forecast AR intensity and to long bias in AR forecast duration. Failure to forecast a warm front associated with the secondary cyclone at lead times less than 36 h caused large overprediction of upslope water vapor flux, an important indicator of orographic precipitation forcing. This study highlights the need to identify offshore mesoscale frontal waves in real time and to characterize the forecast uncertainty inherent in these events when creating hydrometeorological forecasts.

scholarly journals Canopy Resistance and Estimation of Evapotranspiration above a Humid Cypress Forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bau-Show Lin ◽  
Huimin Lei ◽  
Ming-Che Hu ◽  
Supattra Visessri ◽  
Cheng-I Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Canopy Resistance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Water Vapor Flux ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
Evapotranspiration Estimation ◽  
Monteith Equation

This study presented a two-year data set of sensible heat and water vapor fluxes above a humid subtropical montane Cypress forest, located at 1650 m a.s.l. in northeastern Taiwan. The focuses of this study were to investigate (1) the diurnal and seasonal variations of canopy resistance and fluxes of sensible heat and water vapor above this forest; and (2) the mechanism of why a fixed canopy resistance could work when implementing the Penman–Monteith equation for diurnal hourly evapotranspiration estimation. Our results showed distinct seasonal variations in canopy resistance and water vapor flux, but on the contrary, the sensible heat flux did not change as much as the water vapor flux did with seasons. The seasonal variation patterns of the canopy resistance and water vapor flux were highly coupled with the meteorological factors. Also, the results demonstrated that a constant (fixed) canopy resistance was good enough for estimating the diurnal variation of evapotranspiration using Penman–Monteith equation. We observed a canopy resistance around 190 (s/m) for both the two warm seasons; and canopy resistances were around 670 and 320 (s/m) for the two cool seasons, respectively. In addition, our analytical analyses demonstrated that when the average canopy resistance is higher than 200 (s/m), the Penman–Monteith equation is less sensitive to the change of canopy resistance; hence, a fixed canopy resistance is suitable for the diurnal hourly evapotranspiration estimation. However, this is not the case when the average canopy resistance is less than 100 (s/m), and variable canopy resistances are needed. These two constraints (200 and 100) were obtained based on purely analytical analyses under a moderate meteorological condition (Rn = 600 W·m−2, RH = 60%, Ta = 20°C, U = 2 m·s−1) and a measurement height around two times of the canopy height.

Patterns of Water Vapor Transport in the Eastern United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2123-2138
Author(s):  
Natalie Teale ◽  
David A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Vapor Flux ◽  
Transport Patterns

AbstractThis study presents a climatology of water vapor fluxes for the eastern United States and adjacent Atlantic with particular focus on the Northeast. Pathways of moisture transport comprising this climatology were discerned using a self-organizing map methodology ingesting daily integrated vapor transport data from ECMWF ERA-Interim Reanalysis from 1979 to 2017 at a 2.5° × 2.5° spatial resolution. Sixteen spatially distinct moisture transport patterns capture the variety of water vapor transport in the region. The climatology of water vapor transport is precisely and comprehensively defined via synthesis of spatial and temporal characteristics of the fluxes. Each flux has a distinct seasonality and frequency. The fluxes containing the highest amounts of moisture transport occur less frequently than those with less moisture transport. Because the patterns showing less moisture transport are prevalent, they are major contributors to the manner in which water vapor is moved through the eastern United States. The spatial confinement of fluxes is inversely related to persistence, with strong, narrow bands of enhanced moisture transport most often moving through the region on daily time scales. Many moisture fluxes meet a threshold-based definition of atmospheric rivers, with the diversity in trajectories and moisture sources indicating that a variety of mechanisms develop these enhanced moisture transport conditions. Temporal variability in the monthly frequencies of several of the fluxes in this study aligns with changes in the regional precipitation regime, demonstrating that this water vapor flux climatology provides a precise moisture-delivery framework from which changes in precipitation can be investigated.

Latent Heat Fluxes Through Soft Materials With Microtruss Architectures

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Traum ◽  
Peter Griffith ◽  
Edwin L. Thomas ◽  
William A. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Vapor Concentration ◽  
Water Vapor Concentration ◽  
Evaporation Chamber

Microscale truss architectures provide high mechanical strength, light weight, and open porosity in polymer sheets. Liquid evaporation and transport of the resulting vapor through truss voids cool nearby surfaces. Thus, microtruss materials can simultaneously prevent mechanical and thermal damage. Assessment of promise requires quantitative understanding of vapor transport through microtruss pores for realistic heat loads and latent heat carriers. Pore size may complicate exegesis owing to vapor rarefaction or surface interactions. This paper quantifies the nonboiling evaporative cooling of a flat surface by water vapor transport through two different hydrophobic polymer membranes, 112–119μm (or 113–123μm) thick, with microtruss-like architectures, i.e., straight-through pores of average diameter of 1.0–1.4μm (or 12.6–14.2μm) and average overall porosity of 7.6% (or 9.9%). The surface, heated at 1350±20Wt∕m2 to mimic human thermal load in a desert (daytime solar plus metabolic), was the bottom of a 3.1cm inside diameter, 24.9cm3 cylindrical aluminum chamber capped by the membrane. Steady-state rates of water vapor transport through the membrane pores to ambient were measured by continuously weighing the evaporation chamber. The water vapor concentration at the membrane exit was maintained near zero by a cross flow of dry nitrogen (velocity=2.8m∕s). Each truss material enabled 13–14°C evaporative cooling of the surface, roughly 40% of the maximum evaporative cooling attainable, i.e., with an uncapped chamber. Intrinsic pore diffusion coefficients for dilute water vapor (<10.4mole%) in air (P total ∼112,000Pa) were deduced from the measured vapor fluxes by mathematically disaggregating the substantial mass transfer resistances of the boundary layers (∼50%) and correcting for radial variations in upstream water vapor concentration. The diffusion coefficients for the 1.0–1.4μm pores (Knudsen number ∼0.1) agree with literature for the water vapor-air mutual diffusion coefficient to within ±20%, but for the nominally 12.6–14.2μm pores (Kn ∼0.01), the diffusion coefficient values were smaller, possibly because considerable pore area resides in noncircular, i.e., narrow, wedge-shaped cross sections that impede diffusion owing to enhanced rarefaction. The present data, parameters, and mathematical models support the design and analysis of microtruss materials for thermal or simultaneous thermal-and-mechanical protection of microelectromechanical systems, nanoscale components, humans, and other macrosystems.

scholarly journals Water vapor transport and dehydration above convective outflow during Asian monsoon

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James ◽  
M. Bonazzola ◽  
B. Legras ◽  
K. Surbled ◽  
S. Fueglistaler
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport

scholarly journals Evaluation of Atmospheric River Predictions by the WRF Model Using Aircraft and Regional Mesonet Observations of Orographic Precipitation and Its Forcing

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1097-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Martin ◽  
F. Martin Ralph ◽  
Reuben Demirdjian ◽  
Laurel DeHaan ◽  
Rachel Weihs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Forecast Error ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Vapor Flux

Abstract Accurate forecasts of precipitation during landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs) are critical because ARs play a large role in water supply and flooding for many regions. In this study, we have used hundreds of observations to verify global and regional model forecasts of atmospheric rivers making landfall in Northern California and offshore in the midlatitude northeast Pacific Ocean. We have characterized forecast error and the predictability limit in AR water vapor transport, static stability, onshore precipitation, and standard atmospheric fields. Analysis is also presented that apportions the role of orographic forcing and precipitation response in driving errors in forecast precipitation after AR landfall. It is found that the global model and the higher-resolution regional model reach their predictability limit in forecasting the atmospheric state during ARs at similar lead times, and both present similar and important errors in low-level water vapor flux, moist-static stability, and precipitation. However, the relative contribution of forcing and response to the incurred precipitation error is very different in the two models. It can be demonstrated using the analysis presented herein that improving water vapor transport accuracy can significantly reduce regional model precipitation errors during ARs, while the same cannot be demonstrated for the global model.

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